<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">milmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Военная медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Military Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-5044</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51922/2074-5044.2026.2.33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">milmed-28</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. ЛЕЧЕБНО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. MEDICAL AND PREVENTIVE QUESTIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспрессия микроРНК в норме и при доброкачественных заболеваниях щитовидной железы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MicroRNA expression profile in the normal thyroid and its benign lesions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубовский</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubouski</surname><given-names>S. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красько</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кипень</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kipen</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фридман</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fridman</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратенко</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kandratsenka</surname><given-names>H. H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лемеш</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lemesh</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State Medical University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНУ «Объединенный институт проблем информатики Национальной академии наук Беларуси»</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНУ «Институт генетики и цитологии Национальной академии наук Беларуси»</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Якубовский С.В., Красько О.В., Кипень В.Н., Фридман М.В., Кондратенко Г.Г., Лемеш В.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Якубовский С.В., Красько О.В., Кипень В.Н., Фридман М.В., Кондратенко Г.Г., Лемеш В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yakubouski S.U., Krasko O.V., Kipen V.N., Fridman M.V., Kandratsenka H.H., Lemesh V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://milmed.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/28">https://milmed.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/28</self-uri><abstract><p>Изучение молекулярных механизмов патогенеза заболеваний щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) способствало выявлению новых диагностических и прогностических маркеров различных ее заболеваний. МикроРНК (миРНК) – это эндогенные некодирующие малые молекулы РНК, которые регулируют экспрессию генов и рассматриваются в качестве биомаркеров доброкачественных и злокачественных патологических процессов. В настоящее время остается неизученным вопрос изменений экспрессии микроРНК при субклинических аутоиммунных и гиперпластических процессах. Последнее необходимо как для изучения молекулярно-генетических аспектов патогенеза доброкачественных заболеваний ЩЖ, так и для разработки критериев отбора референсных образцов ткани щитовидной железы для последующих исследований.</p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Определить характер экспрессии отобранных микроРНК при фолликулярной узловой болезни, аутоиммунном тиреоидите Хашимото и сочетании фолликулярной узловой болезни с хроническим лимфоцитарным тиреоидитом, а также при наличии морфологических признаков очагового хронического лимфоцитарного тиреоидита и диффузных гиперпластических изменений без клинико-лабораторных проявлений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методом количественной ПЦР изучена экспрессия 18 микроРНК в 72 образцах фиксированной формалином и залитой парафином ткани ЩЖ. Выбор нормализующих микроРНК выполнен при помощи веб-приложения NormiRazor. Для сравнения нормализованных значений уровня экспрессии микроРНК (ΔCt) в изучаемых группах образцов использовали тест Манна-Уитни-Вилкоксона с поправкой Бонферрони.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что возникновение минимальных морфологических изменений в ткани щитовидной железы сопровождалось аномальной, зависящей от характера патологического процесса, экспрессией большинства изученных микроРНК. При сочетанном поражении ткани щитовидной железы присутствие аутоиммунного воспалительного процесса сопровождалось наиболее выраженными изменениями экспрессии микроРНК.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости разработки строгих критериев отбора референсных образцов ткани щитовидной железы для молекулярно-генетических исследований и необходимы для последующих исследований, направленных на создание подходов к анализу результатов изучения экспрессии микроРНК при различных патологических состояниях.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Studies of molecular mechanisms of thyroid diseases contribute to the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers of its various disorders. MicroRNA (miRNA) – endogenous non-coding small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and are considered as biomarkers of benign and malignant conditions. Currently, aberrations of the microRNA expression in the settings of subclinical autoimmune and hyperplastic processes remain largely unexplored. The latter is necessary for studying the molecular mechanisms of benign thyroid conditions, as well as for developing criteria for selection of reference thyroid tissue samples for subsequent studies.</p><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To determine the expression pattern of selected microRNAs in a follicular nodular disease, autoimmune thyroiditis and combination of a follicular nodular disease with focal chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, as well as in the presence of latent focal chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and diffuse hyperplastic changes.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: The expression of 18 microRNAs in 72 samples of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue was studied using quantitative PCR. Normalizing microRNAs were selected using the NormiRazor web application. The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni correction was used to compare normalized values of microRNA expression levels (ΔCt).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: Minimal morphological alterations in the thyroid tissue were accompanied by abnormal expression of most of the studied microRNAs, depending on the nature of the pathological process. In combined lesions of the thyroid tissue, the presence of autoimmune inflammation influenced microRNAs expression in the greatest extent.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: The present findings identify the necessity for developing stringent criteria for selecting reference samples of thyroid tissue for molecular studies, and may aid in subsequent studies aimed at developing approaches to the analysis of microRNA expression in various pathological conditions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>щитовидная железа</kwd><kwd>фолликулярная узловая болезнь</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунный тиреоидит</kwd><kwd>нормализация</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>референсные гены</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thyroid gland</kwd><kwd>follicular nodular disease</kwd><kwd>autoimmune thyroiditis</kwd><kwd>normalization</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>reference genes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственной программы научных исследований (ГПНИ) «Биотехнологии-2», подпрограмма 3.2 «Геномика, эпигеномика, биоинформатика», задание «Изучение молекулярно-генетического профиля узловых образований щитовидной железы» № ГР 20220367 от 28.03.2022 (сроки выполнения 2022–2023 гг.).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Болезни эндокринной системы в Беларуси – статистические и демографические сопоставления / С. С. Корытько, И. М. Хмара, О. Б. Салко, В. В. Антипов // Медицинские новости. – 2013. – № 3. – С. 42–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koritko, S. S. Bolezni jendokrinnoj sistemy v Belarusi – statisticheskie i demograficheskie sopostavlenija [Endocrine discorders in Belarus – statistical and demographic comparisons] / S. S. Koritko, I. M. Hmara, O. B. Salko, V. V. Antsipau // Meditsinskie novosti. – 2013. – № 3. – P. 42–48. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиология доброкачественных заболеваний щитовидной железы у взрослого населения Республики Беларусь: анализ общенациональных статистических данных за период 2009–2019 гг. / С. В. Якубовский, Г. Г. Кондратенко, О. Б. Салко, Е. И. Кузьменкова // Проблемы эндокринологии. – 2022. – № 3 (68). – С. 30–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12844.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakubouski, S. U. Jepidemiologija dobrokachestvennyh zabolevanij shhitovidnoj zhelezy u vzroslogo naselenija Respubliki Belarus’: analiz obshhenacional’nyh statisticheskih dannyh za period 2009–2019 gg [Epidemiology of benign thyroid disorders in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus: analysis of nationwide statistics 2009 to 2019] / S. U. Yakubouski, H. H. Kandratsenka, O. B. Salko, E. I. Kuz’menkova. // Problemy Jendokrinologii. – 2022. – № 3 (68). – S. 30–43. [in Russian] doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12844.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali, S. Z. The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology / S. Z. Ali, Z. W. Baloch, B. Cochand-Priollet [et al.] // Thyroid. – 2023. – Vol. 33, Issue 9. – P. 1039–1044. doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali, S. Z. The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology / S. Z. Ali, Z. W. Baloch, B. Cochand-Priollet [et al.] // Thyroid. – 2023. – Vol. 33, Issue 9. – P. 1039–1044. doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakubouski, S. U. Diagnostic Performance of Thyroid FNA: Experience of Belarusian National Referral Thyroid Cancer Center / S. U. Yakubouski, H. H. Kandratsenka, M. V. Fridman, V. A. Kondratovich, O. A. Perkhova // Diagn Cytopathol. – 2024. – Vol. 52, Issue 12. – P. 763–773. doi:10.1002/dc.25391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakubouski, S. U. Diagnostic Performance of Thyroid FNA: Experience of Belarusian National Referral Thyroid Cancer Center / S. U. Yakubouski, H. H. Kandratsenka, M. V. Fridman, V. A. Kondratovich, O. A. Perkhova // Diagn Cytopathol. – 2024. – Vol. 52, Issue 12. – P. 763–773. doi:10.1002/dc.25391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haugen, B. R. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer / B. R. Haugen, E. K. Alexander, K. C. Bible [et al.] // Thyroid. – 2016. – Vol. 26, Issue 1. – P. 1–133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haugen, B. R. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer / B. R. Haugen, E. K. Alexander, K. C. Bible [et al.] // Thyroid. – 2016. – Vol. 26, Issue 1. – P. 1–133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coca-Pelaz, A. Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Clinically Oriented Review / A. Coca-Pelaz, J. P. Rodrigo, M. Zafereo [et al.] // Diagnostics (Basel). – 2025. – Vol. 15, Issue 19. – article number: 2493. doi:10.3390/diagnostics15192493.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coca-Pelaz, A. Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Clinically Oriented Review / A. Coca-Pelaz, J. P. Rodrigo, M. Zafereo [et al.] // Diagnostics (Basel). – 2025. – Vol. 15, Issue 19. – article number: 2493. doi:10.3390/diagnostics15192493.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imran, K. Epigenetic dysregulation in cancer: mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies / K. Imran, M. J. Iqbal, M. M. Ahmed [et al.] // Med Oncol. – 2025. – Vol. 42, Issue 8. – article number: 359. doi:10.1007/s12032-025-02905-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imran, K. Epigenetic dysregulation in cancer: mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies / K. Imran, M. J. Iqbal, M. M. Ahmed [et al.] // Med Oncol. – 2025. – Vol. 42, Issue 8. – article number: 359. doi:10.1007/s12032-025-02905-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Titov, S. Preoperative detection of malignancy in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears with indeterminate cytology (Bethesda III, IV) by a combined molecular classifier / S. Titov, P. S. Demenkov, S. A. Lukyanov [et al.] // J Clin Pathol. – 2020. – Vol. 73., Issue 11. – P. 722–727. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titov, S. Preoperative detection of malignancy in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears with indeterminate cytology (Bethesda III, IV) by a combined molecular classifier / S. Titov, P. S. Demenkov, S. A. Lukyanov [et al.] // J Clin Pathol. – 2020. – Vol. 73, Issue 11. – P. 722–727. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, H. A. Review of Nanotechnology in microRNA Detection and Drug Delivery / H. A. Wang // Cells. – 2024. – Vol. 13, Issue 15. – article number: 1277. doi:10.3390/cells13151277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, H. A. Review of Nanotechnology in microRNA Detection and Drug Delivery / H. A. Wang // Cells. – 2024. – Vol. 13, Issue 15. – article number: 1277. doi:10.3390/cells13151277.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madadi, S. MicroRNA expression studies: challenge of selecting reliable reference controls for data normalization / S. Madadi, H. Schwarzenbach, J. Lorenzen [et al.] // Cell. Mol. Life Sci. – 2019. – Vol. 76, Issue 18. – P. 3497– 3514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03136-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madadi, S. MicroRNA expression studies: challenge of selecting reliable reference controls for data normalization / S. Madadi, H. Schwarzenbach, J. Lorenzen [et al.] // Cell. Mol. Life Sci. – 2019. – Vol. 76, Issue 18. – P. 3497–3514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03136-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajish, T. P. Geriatric thyroidology: An update / T. P. Ajish, R. V. Jayakumar // Indian J Endocrinol Metab. – 2012. – Vol. 16, Issue 4. – P. 542–547. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.98006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajish, T. P. Geriatric thyroidology: An update / T. P. Ajish, R. V. Jayakumar // Indian J Endocrinol Metab. – 2012. – Vol. 16, Issue 4. – P. 542–547. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.98006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teti, C. Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update / C. Teti, M. Panciroli, E. Nazzari [et al.] // Immunol Res. – 2021. – Vol 69, Issue 2. – P. 129–138. doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09192-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teti, C. Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update / C. Teti, M. Panciroli, E. Nazzari [et al.] // Immunol Res. – 2021. – Vol 69, Issue 2. – P. 129–138. doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09192-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braverman, L. E. Werner &amp; Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 11th edition. / L. E. Braverman, D. S. Cooper, P. A. Kopp. – Wolters Kluwer, 2021. – 912 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braverman, L. E. Werner &amp; Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 11th edition / L. E. Braverman, D. S. Cooper, P. A. Kopp. – Wolters Kluwer, 2021. – 912 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ralli, M. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: An update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation / M. Ralli, D. Angeletti, M. Fiore [et al.] // Autoimmun Rev. – 2020. – Vol. 19, Issue 10. – article number: 102649. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102649.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ralli, M. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: An update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation / M. Ralli, D. Angeletti, M. Fiore [et al.] // Autoimmun Rev. – 2020. – Vol. 19, Issue 10. – article number: 102649. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102649.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Condello, V. MicroRNA regulator gene mutations in thyroid follicular nodular disease and thyroid cancer: does it all come down to timing? / V. Condello, C. C. Juhlin // Eur Thyroid J. – 2024. – Vol. 13, Issue 6:e240298. doi:10.1530/ETJ-24-0298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Condello, V. MicroRNA regulator gene mutations in thyroid follicular nodular disease and thyroid cancer: does it all come down to timing? / V. Condello, C. C. Juhlin // Eur Thyroid J. -2024. – Vol.13, Issue 6:e240298. doi:10.1530/ETJ-24-0298.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baloch, Z. W. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms / Z. W. Baloch, S. L. Asa, J. A. Barletta [et al.] // Endocr Pathol. – 2022. – Vol. 3, Issue 1. – P. 27–63. doi: 10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baloch, Z. W. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms / Z. W. Baloch, S. L. Asa, J. A. Barletta [et al.] // Endocr Pathol. – 2022. – Vol. 3, Issue 1. – P. 27–63. doi: 10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizukami, Y. Chronic thyroiditis: thyroid function and histologic correlations in 601 cases / Y. Mizukami, T. Michigishi, M. Kawato [et al.] / Hum Pathol. – 1992. – Vol. 23, Issue 9. – P. 980–988. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(92)90258-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizukami, Y. Chronic thyroiditis: thyroid function and histologic correlations in 601 cases / Y. Mizukami, T. Michigishi, M. Kawato [et al.] / Hum Pathol. – 1992. – Vol. 23, Issue 9. – P. 980–988. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(92)90258-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинический протокол «Алгоритмы диагностики и лечения злокачественных новообразований», утвержденный Постановлением Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь от 6 июля 2018 г. № 60. Доступно по: https://minzdrav.gov.by/upload/dadvfiles/CProtokol/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%9C%D0%97_%D0%A0%D0%91_%D0%BE%D1%82_06.07.2018_%E2%84%9660_(%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4._%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%9C%D0%97_%D0%A0%D0%91_%D0%BE%D1%82_25.04.2026_%E2%84%9632)_%D0%9A%D0%9F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%9E.pdf Дата доступа: 06.09.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinicheskij protokol «Algoritmy diagnostiki i lechenija zlokachestvennyh novoobrazovanij» [Clinical protocol «Algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms»], utverzhdennyj Postanovleniem Ministerstva zdravoohranenija Respubliki Belarus’ ot 6 ijulja 2018 g. № 60. Access: https://minzdrav.gov.by/upload/dadvfiles/CProtokol/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%9C%D0%97_%D0%A0%D0%91_%D0%BE%D1%82_06.07.2018_%E2%84%9660_(%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4._%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%9C%D0%97_%D0%A0%D0%91_%D0%BE%D1%82_25.04.2026_%E2%84%9632)_%D0%9A%D0%9F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%9E.pdf Access date: 06.09.2025. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клический протокол «Диагностика и лечение пациентов с заболеваниями щитовидной железы (взрослое население)», утвержденный Постановлением Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь от 21 июля 2021 г. № 85. Доступно по: https://minzdrav.gov.by/upload/dadvfiles/CProtokol/2КП_Диагностика_и_лечение_пациентов_с_заболеваниями_щитовидной_железы_взр_нас_пост_МЗ_21062021_85.pdf. Дата доступа: 06.09.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinicheskij protokol «Diagnostika i lechenie pacientov s zabolevanijami shhitovidnoj zhelezy (vzrosloe naselenie)» [Clinical protocol «Diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyroid diseases (adult population)»], utverzhdennyj Postanovleniem Ministerstva zdravoohranenija Respubliki Belarus’ ot 21 ijulja 2021 г. № 85. Access: https://minzdrav.gov.by/upload/dadvfiles/CProtokol/2КП_Диагностика_и_лечение_пациентов_с_заболеваниями_щитовидной_железы_взр_нас_пост_МЗ_21062021_85.pdf Access date: 06.09.2025 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методика определения микроРНК в гистологических препаратах щитовидной железы, фиксированных формалином и залитых парафином / Институт генетики и цитологии Национальной академии наук Беларуси. – Минск : Право и экономика. – 2023. – 32 с. – ISBN 978-985-887-097-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metodika opredeleniya mikroRNK v gistologicheskikh preparatakh shchitovidnoi zhelezy, fiksirovannykh formalinom i zalitykh parafinom [Methodology for determining microRNA in histological preparations of the thyroid gland, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin]/ Institut genetiki i tsitologii Natsional’noi akademii nauk Belarusi. – Minsk : Pravo i ekonomika. – 2023. – 32 s. – ISBN 978-985-887-097-3. [in Russian]].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Экспрессия эпигенетических маркеров при аутоиммунном тиреоидите / С. В. Якубовский, В. Н. Кипень, М. В. Фридман [и др.] // БГМУ в авангарде медицинской науки и практики : рецензир. ежегод. сб. науч. тр. : в 2 т. / М-во здравоохр. Респ. Беларусь, Бел. гос. мед. ун-т; под ред. С. П. Рубниковича, В. А. Филонюка. – Минск: БГМУ 2024. – Вып. 14. – Т. 1: Клиническая медицина. – 245 с. – С. 231–238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakubouski, S. U. Jekspressija jepigeneticheskih markerov pri autoimmunnom tireoidite [Expression of epigenetic markers in autoimmune thyroiditis] / S. U. Yakubouski, V. N. Kipen, M. V. Fridman [et al.] // BGMU v avangarde meditsinskoi nauki i praktiki : retsenzir. ezhegod. sb. nauch. tr. : v 2 t. / M-vo zdravookhr. Resp. Belarus’, Bel. gos. med. un-t; pod red. S. P. Rubnikovicha, V. A. Filonyuka. – Minsk: BGMU 2024. – Vyp. 14. – T. 1: Klinicheskaya meditsina. – 245 s. – S. 231–238. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Untergasser, A. Web-based LinRegPCR: application for the visualization and analysis of (RT)-qPCR amplification and melting data / A. Untergasser, J. M. Ruijter, V. Benes, M. J. B. van den Hoff // BMC Bioinformatics. – 2021. – Vol. 22, Issue 1. – article number:398. doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04306-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Untergasser, A. Web-based LinRegPCR: application for the visualization and analysis of (RT)-qPCR amplification and melting data / A. Untergasser, J. M. Ruijter, V. Benes, M. J. B. van den Hoff // BMC Bioinformatics. – 2021. – Vol. 22, Issue 1. – article number:398. doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04306-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grabia, S. NormiRazor: tool applying GPU-accelerated computing for determination of internal references in microRNA transcription studies / S. Grabia, U. Smyczynska, K. Pagacz, W. Fendler. // BMC Bioinformatics. – 2020. – Vol. 21, Issue 1. – article number:425. doi:10.1186/s12859-020-03743-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grabia, S. NormiRazor: tool applying GPU-accelerated computing for determination of internal references in microRNA transcription studies / S. Grabia, U. Smyczynska, K. Pagacz, W. Fendler. // BMC Bioinformatics. – 2020. – Vol. 21, Issue 1. – article number:425. doi:10.1186/s12859-020-03743-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Livak, K. J. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method / K. J. Livak, T. D. Schmittgen // Methods. – 2001. – Vol. 25, Issue 4. – P. 402–408. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livak, K. J. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method / K. J. Livak, T. D. Schmittgen // Methods. – 2001. – Vol. 25, Issue 4. – P. 402–408. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perkins J. R., ReadqPCR and NormqPCR: R packages for the reading, quality checking and normalisation of RT-qPCR quantification cycle (Cq) data / J. R. Perkins, J. M. Dawes, S. B. McMahon [et al.] // BMC Genomics. – 2012. – Vol. 13. – article number: 296. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perkins J. R., ReadqPCR and NormqPCR: R packages for the reading, quality checking and normalisation of RT-qPCR quantification cycle (Cq) data / J. R. Perkins, J. M. Dawes, S. B. McMahon [et al.] // BMC Genomics. – 2012. – Vol. 13. – article number: 296. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang, T. The Application of microRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis / T. Zhang, B. Yuan, S. Yu // Int J Gen Med. – 2024. – Vol. 17. – P. 4681–4699. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S487239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, T. The Application of microRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis / T. Zhang, B. Yuan, S. Yu // Int J Gen Med. – 2024. – Vol. 17. – P. 4681–4699. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S487239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martínez-Hernández, R. MicroRNAs in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their role as biomarkers / R. Martínez-Hernández, M. Marazuela // Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. – 2023. – Vol. 37, Issue 2. – article number: 101741. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2023.101741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martínez-Hernández, R. MicroRNAs in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their role as biomarkers / R. Martínez-Hernández, M. Marazuela // Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. – 2023. – Vol. 37, Issue 2. – article number: 101741. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2023.101741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martínez-Hernández, R. Integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling identifies novel targets and pathological mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases / R. Martínez-Hernández, A. Serrano-Somavilla, A. Ramos-Leví [et al.] // EBioMedicine. – 2019. – Vol. 50. – P. 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.061.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martínez-Hernández, R. Integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling identifies novel targets and pathological mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases / R. Martínez-Hernández, A. Serrano-Somavilla, A. Ramos-Leví [et al.] // EBioMedicine. – 2019. – Vol. 50. – P. 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.061.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Titov, S. E. MiRNA profiling, detection of BRAF V600E mutation and RET-PTC1 translocation in patients from Novosibirsk oblast (Russia) with different types of thyroid tumors / S. E. Titov, M. K. Ivanov, E. V. Karpinskaya [et al.] // BMC Cancer. – 2016. – Vol. 16. – article number: 201. doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2240-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titov, S. E. MiRNA profiling, detection of BRAF V600E mutation and RET-PTC1 translocation in patients from Novosibirsk oblast (Russia) with different types of thyroid tumors / S. E. Titov, M. K. Ivanov, E. V. Karpinskaya [et al.] // BMC Cancer. – 2016. – Vol. 16. – article number: 201. doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2240-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marabita, F. Normalization of circulating microRNA expression data obtained by quantitative real-time RT-PCR / F. Marabita, P. de Candia, A. Torri [et al.] // Brief Bioinform. – 2016. – Vol. 17, Issue 2. – P. 204–212. doi:10.1093/bib/bbv056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marabita, F. Normalization of circulating microRNA expression data obtained by quantitative real-time RT-PCR / F. Marabita, P. de Candia, A. Torri [et al.] // Brief Bioinform. – 2016. – Vol. 17, Issue 2. – P. 204–212. doi:10.1093/bib/bbv056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
