В условиях пандемии COVID-19 возникает необходимость серьезного рассмотрения всех возможных вариантов работы с зависимыми пациентами. Масштабные изменения в политике, экономике и организации здравоохранения с высокой вероятностью изменят ландшафт потребления психоактивных веществ (ПАВ) и многих методов помощи зависимым лицам. Как употребление ПАВ будет влиять на течение болезни у COVID-инфицированных наркозависимых пациентов? Что изменит карантин в структуре потребления ПАВ? В данном обзоре осуществлена попытка рассмотреть результаты исследований в этом вопросе специалистов из разных регионов мира.

1. Ahern J., Stuber J., Galea S. (2007). Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,88(2–3), 188–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014

2. Aldington S., Williams M., Nowitz M., Weatherall M., Pritchard A., McNaughton A., Robinson G., Beasley R. Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax. 2007; 62:1058–1063. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.077081.

3. Bao Y., Sun Y., Meng Sh., Shi J., Lu L. (2020). 2019- nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society.The Lancet,395(10224), E37–E8. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(20)30309–3

4. Benishek L. A., Dugosh K. L., Kirby K. C., Matejkowski J., Clements N. T., Seymour B. L. et al. (2014). Prizebased contingency management for the treatment of substance abusers: A meta-analysis. Addiction, 109(9), 1426–36. DOI: 10.1111/add.12589 [PMID ] [PMCID ]

5. Berlin I., Thomas D., Le Faou A. L., Cornuz J. COVID-19 and smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Apr 3 ntaa059.

6. Brooks S. K., Webster R. K., Smith L. E., Woodland L., Wessely S., Greenberg N., Rubin G. J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912–920. doi: 10.1016/s0140–6736(20)30460–8.

7. Cabral G. A., Jamerson M. Marijuana use and brain immune mechanisms. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2014; 118: 199–230. doi: 10.1016/b978–0-12–801284–0.00008–7. Cadet J. L., Krasnova I. N. Chapter 5–Molecular Bases of Methamphetamine-Induced Neurodegeneration. In: Hari Shanker S., editor. International Review of Neurobiology. Volume 88. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2009. pp. 101–119.

8. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2020). COVID-19 and Increased Alcohol Consumptions: NANOS Poll Summary Report. CCSA. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction.

9. Chick J. Alcohol and COVID-19. Alcohol Alcohol. 2020 May 13 doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa039. agaa039. Clay J. M., Parker M. O. Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: a potential public health crisis? Lancet Public Health. 2020;5:e259.

10. Cooper L. M., Kuntsche E., Levitt A., Barber L. L., Wolf S. Motivational models of substance use: A review of theory and research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. In: Sher K. J., editor. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press; 2016. pp. 375–421. (The Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders).

11. Da B. L., Im G. Y., Schiano T. D. COVID-19 hangover: a rising tide of alcohol use disorder and alcoholassociated liver disease. Hepatology. 2020 May 5 doi: 10.1002/hep.31307.

12. Dunlop A., Lokuge B., Masters D., Sequeira M., Saul P., Dunlop G. Challenges in maintaining treatment services for people who use drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Version 2. Harm Reduct J. 2020; 17:26. Egbe C. O., Ngobese S. P. COVID-19 lockdown and the tobacco product ban in South Africa. Tob Induc Dis. 2020 May 6; 18:39.

13. Eisenberg S. L., Eisenberg M. J. Smoking cessation during the COVID-19 epidemic. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 May 4 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa075.ntaa075.

14. Green T. C., Bratberg J., Finnell D. S. Opioid use disorder and the COVID 19 pandemic: A call to sustain regulatory easements and further expand access to treatment. Subst. Abus. 2020;41:147–149. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1752351.

15. Hamilton I. What will covid-19 mean for the illegal drug market and people dependent upon it? BMJ Opinion. 2020 https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/03/31/ian-hamilton-covid-19-mean-illegal-drug-marketpeople-dependent/

16. Haorah J., Knipe B., Leibhart J., Ghorpade A., Persidsky Y. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells causes blood-brain barrier dysfunction. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2005;78:1223–1232. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0605340.

17. Hawkins B. T., Abbruscato T. J., Egleton R. D., Brown R. C., Huber J. D., Campos C. R., Davis T. P. Nicotine increases in vivo blood-brain barrier permeability and alters cerebral microvascular tight junction protein distribution. Brain Res. 2004;1027:48–58. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.043. Hoffmann M., KleineWeber H., Schroeder S., Krüger N., Herrler T., Erichsen S., Schiergens T. S., Herrler G., Wu N. H., Nitsche A., et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271–280.e278. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.

18. Khalili J. S., Zhu H., Mak N. S.A., Yan Y., Zhu Y. Novel coronavirus treatment with ribavirin: Groundwork for an evaluation concerning COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:740–746. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25798.

19. King D. L., Delfabbro P. H., Billieux J., Potenza M. N. Problematic online gaming and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Behav Addict. 2020 Apr 29 doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00016. Kissler S. M., Tedijanto C., Goldstein E., Grad Y. H., Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science. 2020:eabb5793. doi: 10.1126/science.abb5793

20. Klemperer E. M., West J. C., Peasley-Miklus C., Villanti A. C. Change in tobacco and electronic cigarette use and motivation to quit in response to COVID-19. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Apr 28 ntaa072.

21. Leung J. M., Sin D. D. Smoking, ACE-2, and COVID-19: ongoing controversies. Eur Respir J. 2020 May 19:2001759. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01759–2020. Leung J. M., Yang C. X., Sin D. D. Reply to: «current smoking is not associated with COVID-19». Eur Respir J. 2020 May 4:2001340.

22. Leung J. M., Yang C. X., Tam A., Shaipanich T., Hackett T. L., Singhera G. K. ACE-2 expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients: implications for COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020; 55:2000688.

23. Li G., De Clercq E. (2020). Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nature reviews. Drug Discovery, 19(3), 149–50.

24. Lima C. K. T., Carvalho P. M. M., Lima I. A. A. S., Nunes J. V. A. O., Saraiva J. S., de Souza R. I. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease) Psychiatr Res. 2020; 287:112915.

25. Lippi G., Henry B. M. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Eur J Intern Med. 2020; 75:107–108.

26. Madison M. C., Landers C. T., Gu B.-H., Chang C.-Y., Tung H.-Y., You R., Hong M. J., Baghaei N., Song L.-Z., Porter P. et al. Electronic cigarettes disrupt lung lipid homeostasis and innate immunity independent of nicotine. J. Clin. Investig. 2020;129:4290–4304. doi: 10.1172/JCI128531.

27. Maremmani I., Gerra G. (2010). Buprenorphinebased regimens and methadone for the medical management of opioid dependence: Selecting the appropriate drug for treatment. The American Journal on Addictions,19(6), 557–68. DOI:10.1111/j.1521–0391.2010.00086.x [PMID ]

28. Marsden J., Darke S., Hall W., Hickman M., Holmes J., Humphreys K. Mitigating and learning from the impact of COVID-19 infection on addictive disorders. Addiction. 2020 Apr 6 doi: 10.1111/add.15080.

29. Mungmungpuntipantip R., Wiwanitkit V. Sharing alcoholic drinks and a COVID-19 outbreak. Alcohol Alcohol. 2020 May 13 agaa028.

30. Ornell F., Moura H. F., Scherer J. N., Pechansky F., Kessler F., von Diemen L. The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on substance use: implications for prevention and treatment.Psychiatr Res.2020 May 13; 289:113096.

31. Patanavanich R., Glantz S. A. Smoking Is Associated with COVID-19 Progression: A Meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2020 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa082.

32. Polosa R., Caci G. COVID-19: counter-intuitive data on smoking prevalence and therapeutic implications for nicotine. Intern Emerg Med. 2020 May 19:1–4. doi: 10.1007/s11739–020–02361–9.

33. Radio Farda Tainted alcohol claims more lives than coronavirus in Iran’s Khuzestan. (2020). Retrieved from http://payvand.com/news/20/mar/1021.html

34. Rani S., Sahoo S., Parveen S., Mehra A., Subodh B. N., Grover S. Alcohol-related self-harm due to COVID-19 pandemic: might be an emerging crisis in the near future: a case report. Indian J Psychiatr. 2020; 62:333–335.

35. Rehm J., Kilian C., Ferreira-Borges C., Jernigan D., Monteiro M., Parry C. D. H. Alcohol use in times of the COVID 19: implications for monitoring and policy. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39:301–304.

36. Santos da Silveira P., Andrade de Tostes J. G., Wan H. T., Ronzani T. M., Corrigan P. W. (2018). The stigmatization of drug use as mechanism of legitimation of exclusion. In Ronzani T. (Ed.), Drugs and Social Context (pp. 15–25). Cham: Springer; DOI: 10.1007/978–3-319–72446–1_2

37. Schalkwyk M. C., Cheetham D., Reeves A., Petticrew M. Covid-19: we must take urgent action to avoid an increase in problem gambling and gambling related harms. BMJ Opinion. 2020 https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/04/06/covid-19-we-must-takeurgent-action-to-avoid-an-increase-in-problemgambling-and-gambling-related-harms / Available from: [Google Scholar]

38. Sun Y., Bao Y., Kosten T., Strang J., Shi J., Lu L. Editorial: challenges to opioid use disorders during COVID-19. Am J Addict. 2020; 29:174–175.

39. Testino G. Are patients with alcohol use disorders at increased risk for covid-19 infection? Alcohol Alcohol. 2020 May 13 agaa037.

40. Vardavas C. I., Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis. 2020; 18:20.

41. Varma R. P. Alcohol withdrawal management during the Covid-19 lockdown in Kerala. Indian J Med Ethics. 2020;V:105–106.

42. World Health Organization (2020). WHO directorgeneral’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 5 March 2020. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---5-march-2020

43. Zhu, S., Wu, Y., Zhu, C. Y., Hong, W. C., Yu, Z. X., Chen, Z. K., Chen, Z. L., Jiang, D. G., & Wang, Y. G. (2020, Apr 18). The immediate mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among people with or without quarantine managements. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.045.