We studied the annual medical reports about the state of health and morbidity of conscripts in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus and Russian Armed Forces (form No. 3/MED) for 16 years from 2003 to 2018. The goal was to analyze the indicators of conscript dismission from the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus and the Armed Forces of Russia due to the state of health. The average annual dismission rate for conscripts from the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus over 16 years (2003-2018) was (15.62 ± 0.58) ‰, from the Armed Forces of Russia it was more – (17.57 ± 1.19) ‰; there were no significant statistical differences (p > 0.05). Most of conscripts in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Armed Forces were dismissed due to mental and behavioral disorders (V chapter), diseases of the digestive system (XI chapter), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (XIII chapter) and diseases of the cardiovascular system (IX chapter. In total, percentage of dismissions due to these 4 chapters of diseases was 73 and 76%, respectively. The largest number of conscripts were dismissed from the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus and the Armed Forces of Russia due to diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (K20–K31), personality and behavioral disorders in adulthood (F60–F69), neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders (F40–F48). In total, percentage of dismissions due to 3 indicated nosologies (groups in chapters) was 29 and 45%, respectively. Accounting of dismission data will allow to make more targeted prevention of the health status of conscripts.

The paper analyzes the state of research in the department of Belarusian and Russian languages over the past 5 years. Particular attention is paid to the intercultural component, which has changed the perception of the role of the native language and native culture in the framework of the RCT among foreign students; the role of the Russian language as a global language in education. The paper analyzes all the components of the NIRS format.

Introduction. Studying at a medical university requires the mobilization of students, which cannot but affect their mental and behavioral status. As the study load increases, which occurs from course to course, and also, not always the availability of conditions and opportunities to lead a healthy lifestyle, the risk of the formation of disorders of not only somatic, but also mental health increases. Identifying the patterns of psycho-emotional disorders will help in developing recommendations for their prevention.

Purpose: to assess the state of mental and behavioral dysfunctions in BSMU students in dynamics in the learning process to optimize psycho-preventive measures.

Materials and methods. The dynamics of psycho-emotional, vegetative and somatic symptoms in students of the medical faculty of BSMU was studied in three groups: group 1 – first year students (age 17–18 years), group 2 – third year students (age 19–20 years), group 3 – fifth year students (age 21–22). The research was carried out by means of questionnaires. The questionnaires were developed in 2020 and included 100 questions affecting the social sphere of students‘ life, their mental and somatic health. Changes in the affective sphere, vegetative and somatic, in the process of teaching students are determined.

Results. The identification of psycho-emotional disorders, as well as the study of the dynamics of affective, autonomic and somatic symptoms, allows in a shorter time to send students to specialized specialists for highly qualified assistance.

Conclusion. The studied dynamics of psycho-emotional disorders, the identification of vegetative and somatic symptoms in BSMU students, depending on the number of years of study, can be used to develop recommendations for the prevention of these disorders.

The article presents modern ideas about dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal erosion and ulcers, the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the development of symptoms of dyspepsia and H. pylori-associated diseases. The main provisions of the international consensus documents (Roman Consensus 2016, the Global Kyoto Consensus Document, 2015) regarding dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal erosion and the role of H. pylori infection in their development are presented. The article also presents the results of our own research among a population of young men of military age, which served as the basis for the development of an algorithm for diagnosing diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that is most adapted to modern living conditions for dyspepsia in military servicemen at the stages of medical care in Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus.

Introduction Hirschsprung’s disease is neurocristopathy, characterized by a halt in the normal migration of scallop nerve cells and their differentiation. Electron microscopic examination reveals neurochemical ultrastructural findings, which are important not only for studying the pathogenesis of the disease, but also for developing methods of treating this complex disease.

Materials and methods. Studies were performed on 10 patients aged 2 weeks to 3 years (5 patients) and 14 to 16 years (5 patients) in the agangliosis zone and in the area of the intestine proximal to it. Submicroscopic organization in intestinal biopsy specimens was studied by electron microscopic methods.

Results. An electron microscopic examination of the colon sections of children of different age groups (from 2 weeks to 16 years) with a clinical diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease, excised during surgery in agangliosis zones and proximal colon with undisturbed innervation, showed a violation of the organization of many structural components regulatory systems of the intestinal wall – nervous, immune, endocrine and conductive. For each age period, certain patterns of ultrastructural changes in the colon are revealed, reflecting the depth and prevalence of the pathological process. In older children, an increase in destructive processes in all layers of the colon wall is noted. In place of the destroyed muscle cells, the growth of loose connective tissue and collagen fibers occurs, which replace the muscle layer, making the intestinal wall more regid. In zones of agangliosis and sections of the intestine, proximal to it, cells of the immune system (eosinophils, mast cells) and endocrinocytes undergo destructive processes.

Conclusion Ultramicroscopic changes in the walls of the colon, proximal to the agangliosis zone, indicate both primary underdevelopment of the neuromuscular, endocrine and immune systems in the intestinal wall, and secondary degenerative changes that occur with age of the patients. The more pronounced degenerative processes in the wall of the ganglionic section of the colon, the more significant the violation of its function.

In the article there are the results of the examination of 54 patients (median age 61 years [49 years; 76 years]) with mycobacteriosis of the lungs. The diagnosis of mycobacteriosis was established according to the results of bacteriological examination of biopsy specimens. There were chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases in the case histories of 22.2% of patients. M. avium complex (MAC) were detected in 39 cases (72.2%) (95% CI 60.3–84.2), all the other types of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMB) were 22.2% in total – they were detected in 12 patients (95% CI 11.1–33.3), mixed isolates were in 3 patients (5.5%) (95% CI –0.5–11.7). The clinical and bacteriological effectiveness of treatment were low enough (65.1%), especially in elderly patients with M. avium complex.

A group of young patients up to 40 years old with coronary heart disease and a group of 100 students were studied. Risk factors in young patients with coronary heart disease and students were analyzed. It was revealed that healthy young people (students) have the same risk factors as people with coronary heart disease. That allows us to regard them as potential applicants for the development of coronary heart disease.

Most often, there were such risk factors as smoking, alcohol, unhealthy diet. It was revealed that the greater the need for alcohol, the earlier the development of CHD. The obtained changes according to the ECG, echocardiography on the background of risk factors indicate early ischemic changes in the heart.

Significant risk factors were stress, depression.

Ways of preventing early development in young people have been identified.

Aim To study the physicomechanical properties of bone tissue after dental implantation and magnetophoresis of 10% calcium gluconate solution and 5% retabolil solution in experimental conditions.

Materials and methods. Chinchilla rabbits under sodium thiopental anesthesia, on the side of the lower jaw incisions, were fitted with a Verline screw dental implant, 3×5 mm with a passive thread and a smooth titanium surface GRADE 4. The animals were observed for 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. After 14 runoff after the operation of dental implantation, the animals of the experimental group underwent 10 magnetophoresis procedures with a 10% solution of calcium gluconate and 5% solution of retabolil in turn. We studied the X-ray density of the samples, the content of calcium and phosphorus in them.

Conclusions. Magnetophoresis of 10% calcium gluconate solution and 5% retabolil solution after dental implantation operation improves the quality of osseointegration of dental implants, accelerates the processes of bone mineralization on the implant surface. The X-ray density of the control samples of bone tissue adjacent to the implant surface is normalized by the 90th day, and in the experiment by the 60th day. The content of calcium and phosphorus in the bone tissue on the surface of the implant, the strength of its connection with the bone tissue in the experimental group is normalized by the 60th day, and in the control group by the 90th day.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) as a complex of clinical and subclinical syndromes, each of which is characterized by a diffuse or focal lesion of peripheral and/or autonomous nerve fibers [2].

Reduced vibrational sensitivity is one of the early objective signs of sensory neuropathy and occurs long before the onset of clinical symptoms.

The aim of the study was to determine the capabilities of CP using ANVH-01 in detecting HF disorders in the distal lower extremities in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

The study revealed that the values of HPV on the distal lower extremities according to the manual, using ANVC-01 in patients with diabetes 1 and 2 types was statistically significant (p < 0,05) higher than those in healthy individuals matched for age and sex, which implements the possibility of using this method for early diagnosis of vibration sensitivity in patients with diabetes 1 and 2 type in all age groups.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the most fundamental – spatial-temporal – mechanisms for the formation of the atypical nature of the clinical picture of affective disorders. They consist of additional infringements of the speed of movement of patients‘ individual time, which are already present in typical disorders of the individual time, which determine the occurrence of qualitatively different clinical symptoms and make them more heavy. Partial acceleration or inhibition of the initially disturbed course of an individual patient‘s time while maintaining its main direction causes desynchronization of changes in the components of the affective triad, resulting in their separation. Frequent and even more – extremely frequent changes in the patient‘s individual time vector primarily lead to increasing of the somatic effects of physical overload, depletion of the body‘s energy resources and pronounced disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle. With all the atypical disorders, there is a greater difference than with their typical prototypes, the inconsistency of the individual space and time of the patients with the world spatial and temporal processes, which excludes the normal mental functioning and vital activity of the patients.
Since the processes of the same object that are multidirectional in time and space never intersect anywhere, the manifestations of atypical affective disorders can not be the result of mixing of opposite pole clinical symptoms. This casts doubt on the legality of the existence in the ICD-10 subheadings describing mixed affective disorders. In the new classifications of mental disorders, it is preferable to create a separate rubric devoted to atypical affective disorders, or assignment to “Others” disorders without defining them as mixed.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the dependence of the diameter of the great saphenous vein on the position of the lower limb.

Methods. The study included 53 patients (106 legs) with varicose veins of the lower extremities (C2-C5). The measurements were carried out at 4 different positions of the limb: 1. vertical; 2. horizontal; 3. with elevation of the leg at 30°; 4. with elevation of the leg at 60°.

Results. The diameter of the great saphenous vein decreases by 38.8 (13.6-61.1) % with 60° elevation of the lower limb compared with the horizontal position.

Conclusion. The use of elevation of the lower limb leads to a significant reduction the diameter of the great saphenous vein.

Risk factors of gastroduodenal erosion (GDE) in military conscripts with dyspepsia have been investigated – H. pylori infection, smoking, work on radar stations with sources of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of the ultrahigh frequency range (microwave range), the «adaptation period» of military personnel to the conditions of service (the first 3 months after conscription for military service). An increased risk of smoking was found – relative risk RR = 2.6 (95% CI 1.3–4.9); NNH = 5 (95% CI 3–9); the minimum value of the smoking index (SI) is 1.05 pack/year. The cutoff point IC = 1.35 pack/year has the optimal value for a preliminary assessment of the presence of GDE in conscripts with dyspepsia with a sensitivity of 80.8% (95% CI 67.5–90.4), a specificity of 91.5% (95% CI 86.2–95.3), with a diagnostic accuracy of 88.9%; positive predictive value (PPV) – 75.0% (95% CI 64.1–83.4), negative predictive value (NPV) – 93.8% (95% CI 89.6–96.4). It was found that the proportion of servicemen with GDE who started smoking before the age of 18 was statistically significantly higher than that of the comparison group (c2 = 23.4, p = 0.000). An increased risk of starting smoking before the age of 18 was found: RR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.9–5.3); NNH = 3 (95% CI 1-5). The frequency of other studied factors in the groups of patients with / without GDE did not have statistically significant differences. The estimated relative risk of developing GDE in the presence of H. pylori infection was 1.7, but 95% CI 0.9–2.9.

The available literature contains data on changes in the state of a healthy and diseased organism in various periods of an individual annual cycle. The article contains data on the influence of the patient’s position in his individual annual cycle on the course of physiological and pathological processes in the body and the possibility of using this information in organizing the prevention of exacerbations of chronic diseases in individual periods of increased risk of their occurrence.

Ketoacidosis is the term used for metabolic acidosis associated with an accumulation of ketone bodies. The most common cause of ketoacidosis is diabetic ketoacidosis. Two other causes are fasting ketosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis. The alcoholic ketoacidosis problems will be reviewed in the article.

The article is devoted to the study of neuropsychological peculiarities of patients suffering from schizophrenia and people having eating disorders, how these peculiarities affect the clinical picture of mental and behavioral disorders. This work provides the results of a study carried out within the scopes of scientific projects of the Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology of the Belarusian State Medical University (the study was voluntary and anonymous) with participation of girls and young women (the average age of the respondents did not exceed 35 years of age) who did not have any mental and behavioral disorders at the time of their inclusion in the study, suffering from anorexia nervosa, suffering from the paranoid form of schizophrenia with the history of the disorder counting up to 5 years. The article also provides a review of the literature dedicated to thistopical issue and discusses the difficulties of correct diagnostics of anorexia nervosa.

The article presents the case of sigmoid colon spontaneous rupture with prolapse of the loops of the small intestine successful treatment that occurred during an act of defecation in a 78-year-old woman. The reduction of the prolapsed small intestine, suturing of a sigmoid colon rupture, application of a loop sigmoid, reorganization and drainage of the abdominal cavity were performed. Damage to the anal sphincter was not detected. The postoperative period was uneventful. Discharged from the hospital on the 14th day.

The objective of this review focused on pharmaceutical products for the treatment of childhood skin diseases is to guide dermatologists in the goal-oriented choice of optimal medicines. We have listed the most common side effects appearing during drug administration.
The article deals with special features of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs administered to children in the neonatal period. We have listed the most common side effects appearing during drug administration, and measures for preventing them have been suggested.

This paper describes chronological use of chemical weapon at the Western Front during the 1st World War and medico-sanitary measures provided by England and France for military forces defence.