Research objective. Calculate the injury rates among conscripts during 2003–2019 years using an integral assessment to improve medical support and ensure the security of military service.

Materials and methods. We studied annual medical reports about health status and morbidity of conscripts in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus (form №3/med) for 2003–2019.

Results. Average annual injury rate among conscripts in 2003-2019 was 20.64±2.03‰, proportion in the structure of primary morbidity for all chapters of ICD-10 was 1.3±0.1%, hospitalizations – 14.74±0.98‰ and 1.6±0.2%, days away from work – 325.2±17.3‰ and 3.9±0.3%, dismission rates – 0.56±0.05‰ and 3.5±0.3%, mortality – 25.20±4,42 per 100 000 conscripts and 75.1±5.7%, respectively. With different in significance coefficients of determination polynomial trends of the listed medical and statistical indicators demonstrate a data decrease. In the structure of the constructed integral assessment 83.8% accounted for the sum of the proportions of injuries of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs (group 8-10), pelvis and lower limbs (group 5-7), head injuries (group 1), injuries affecting several areas of the body (group 11), consequences of trauma, poisoning and other influences of external causes (group 22).

Conclusion. Analysis of the data on injuries of conscripts using an integral assessment will improve medical support, in order to maintain health, conduct targeted and high-quality prevention of injuries while ensuring the safety of military service.

One of the pathogenic mechanisms of the development of cough is the formation of viscous sputum difficult to separate. Against the background of a pathological process in the lungs, there is a disruption in the work of mucociliary clearance and peristalsis of the bronchi, and in the mucous secretion of the respiratory tract, the ratio of ions dissolved in water and macromolecular compounds is disturbed, which leads to an increase in viscosity, a decrease in the rheological properties of sputum. In connection with this, not only the drainage function of the bronchi is disrupted, but also local immune processes, which also contributes to an increase in the adhesion of infectious agents. In this case, the rational use of expectorant drugs as part of the complex therapy contributes not only to reducing the duration of the disease, but also prevents the formation of chronic diseases of the respiratory system. The article discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of the onset of cough, the classification of expectorant drugs, which includes various pharmacological classes of drugs, with fundamentally different effects. The mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, as well as clinical and pharmacological features of the use of drugs stimulating expectoration of resorptive, reflex action, mucolytics of synthetic origin, enzyme, mucoregulators, combined drugs available on our market are described, recommendations are given on their use in clinical practice.

The article presents the results of studies devoted to the substantiation of the use of the cytological express method for assessing the wound process in patients with gunshot injuries of the extremities. In the course of the study, wound exudate was taken from the area of the most altered tissues in the projection of the wound channel, followed by preparation of preparations. The first and second group of preparations were stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa and Alekseev‘s method in the cytological laboratory. The preparations of the third group were stained with the May-Grunwald dye in the preoperative room. Comparative assessment was carried out using the developed color quality index of the cytological preparation, based on a point scale. It was found that the quality of preparations stained with the May-Grunwald dye was lower according to a number of criteria (completeness of staining of cells and cell structures, the presence of artifacts, focusing resolution) in comparison with preparations stained by the laboratory method. Despite this fact, staining with eosin methylene blue according to May-Grunwald made it possible to establish the type of cytogram and assess the dynamics of the wound process within a short time (no more than 7-8 minutes) directly in the preoperative room. The advantages of this method are: the ability to get a conclusion in the shortest possible time, learnability, repeatability, the absence of the need to involve a specialist in laboratory diagnostics. This technique is a surgeon‘s working tool for practical targeting of the wound, taking into account an objective assessment of the wound process.

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between neurological manifestations of degenerative disk disease, visceral pathology and temporal characteristics of pain syndrome with an assessment of the quality of life of patients. 50 patients with non-specific back pain were examined. Diagnostics of neurological manifestations of degenerative disk disease, concomitant visceral pathology, assessment of the quality of life according to the SF-36 questionnaire, testing according to the hospital scale of anxiety and depression HADS were carried out. Results: most patients achieve remission (66%), 34% of patients develop relapses of varying duration. In 44% of patients, there were no neurological manifestations of degenerative disk disease. In 50% of cases, concomitant visceral pathology was detected. 38% of patients were diagnosed with deviations on the HADS scale. The duration of pain syndrome over one year significantly affected the decrease in the physical component of health according to the SF-36 questionnaire. The indicators of work activity (56%), daily activity due to the intensity of pain (44%) and emotional state (30%) deteriorated the most. This dictates the need to introduce an individual, integrated, multidisciplinary approach in the management of patients with vertebral pain syndrome in degenerative disk disease of the spine.

Indications for the use of the puncture method for the treatment of chronic sinusitis in HIV-infected patients depend on the form of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (exudative, proliferative or alterative) and are determined by the clinical stage of immunodeficiency. The puncture method is indicated for the treatment of chronic sinusitis in HIV-infected individuals in the first and second clinical stages of immunodeficiency, since in these subgroups of patients the likelihood of an exudative form of chronic sinusitis is similar to that in HIV-negative individuals. The use of the puncture method for the treatment of chronic sinusitis is not indicated for HIV-infected patients at the third and fourth clinical stages of immunodeficiency, since these subgroups of patients are statistically significantly more likely to have a proliferative form of chronic sinusitis in comparison with HIV-negative individuals.

An assessment of the results of using a software product (web-site) containing a system for predicting exacerbations and complications of peptic ulcer disease in the patient‘s individual annual cycle is given. We have substantiated the fundamental possibility of using the program for organizing timely and personalized medical examination and prescribing preventive treatment.

The problem of adhesion after surgical diseases on the abdominal organs remains extremely relevant despite the rapid development of new medical technologies and approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases. The formation of adhesions occurs during open surgical interventions and will differ only in the degree of severity and clinical manifestations. The article is devoted to the study of oxygenation of the peritoneal tissue in experimental adhesions of the abdominal cavity. Experimental studies were carried out on 95 outbred guinea pigs with simulated adhesive disease of the abdominal cavity. As a result of performing direct oximetry on the surface of the peritoneum in conditions of modeling adhesions of the abdominal cavity in laboratory animals, it was revealed that any of the models causes, to a greater or lesser degree, hypoxic changes in the peritoneum, thereby creating favorable conditions for the maturation of coarse-fibrous connective tissue. The impact on the peritoneum of any of the modeling factors caused a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the intestinal wall by an average of 45%. The leveling of hypoxic changes on the surface of the peritoneum in the postoperative period is a method of preventing adhesions of the abdominal cavity.

The article analyzes the results of the authors‘ own research on the influence of a number of factors on the aggressive behavior of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome in a state of intoxication. The comparison was made between groups of patients suffering from alcohol dependence, with and without objectively proven cases of aggressive behavior. The influence of education, profession, family functioning, social intelligence, personality structure, anosognosia is considered within the framework of a single model. Discriminant analysis used as a tool for constructing a generalized model of aggressive behavior of alcohol addicts.

The article defines the characteristic features of thyroid and adrenal function in patients with psoriasis, taking into account the pituitary regulation and streptococcal association of dermatosis. Patients with psoriasis, regardless of the form of dermatosis and microbial association, experience a non-thyroid syndrome with a high T3 concentration, increased glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal glands.

Despite the development of modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities in 38-65% of patients, the disease progresses with the development of critical ischemia of the lower extremities. This often requires amputation at various levels. Postoperative mortality in this case reaches 20% or more. The aim of this work was to study the causes of death in patients after amputation of the lower extremities for critical ischemia. We studied 296 medical records and 52 autopsy reports of the deceased, which were used to amputate the lower extremities. It turned out that the mortality rate in women is 1.9 times higher than in men. The risk of death is increased by the presence of coronary heart disease in a patient with grade 2B circulatory failure and atrial fibrillation. The most common immediate cause of death after amputation is multiple organ failure.

In recent years, the number of people involved in the use of illicit drugs has been actively growing. Drug use is associated not only with a large amount of medical aspects, but also with a number of social problems, such as convictions, employment, etc.
The study presents an analysis of medical, social and epidemiological indicators, as well as their dynamic change during 2010–2019 in the population of drug users in Minsk. It was revealed that more than half of registered drug users suffer from the opioid drugs use and characterized by a gradual increase in the proportion of persons using psychostimulants. The majority of persons who were registered with the Healthcare Institution «City Clinical Narcological Dispensary» had secondary education and were single. There was an increase in the share of the working drug users (up to 48.65% (CI 47.31-49.99%, p < 0.05) in 2019) in the social structure. The proportion of drug users convicted more than 2 times in 2010-2019 has significantly increased to 35.95% (CI 34.67-37.25%, p < 0.05) in 2019. The share of drug users who underwent hospital treatment significantly increased by the 2015 and was 32.15% (CI 30.96-33.36%, p < 0.05), but in 2019 this indicator decreased to 17.48% (CI 16.47-18.52%, p < 0,05).

The article presents methodological approaches to assessing the energy adequacy of military personnel‘s nutrition, which allow timely organizing preventive measures to preserve and strengthen their health.

The article presents some issues of organization and tasks of sanitary-epidemiological reconnaissance groups when working in the regions of supposed biological terroristic acts.

The article presents the results of a medical and hygienic analysis of the nutritional composition and biological value of a mixture of proteins of a combined-arms ration, identifies the directions of its improvement.

Drug addiction remains one of the most important problems for the world community. With the existing growth in the number of drug users around the world, an important task is to analyze the number of drug users in different territories, their age and gender structure in order to plan effective preventive work and the possibility of preventing the spread of parenterally transmitted diseases (HIV infection, parenteral viral hepatitis).
This study analyzes the dynamics of the drug use incidence in Minsk over a 10-year period of time (2010–2019). It was found that the incidence of drug use in 2010–2019 in Minsk fluctuated between 149.26o/oooo in 2019–266.76o/oooo in 2012, and the average long-term incidence was 207.44 cases per 100,000 population. The long-term epidemic trend of drug use was significant to decrease with an average growth rate of –7.48% (p < 0.01). The beginning of the analyzed time interval (2010–2013) was characterized by an increase in the drug users number, which can be regarded as a predictor of a sharp increase in the number of detected HIV cases in 2015 in Minsk. In the age structure of drug users in Minsk, persons aged 26–30 have the largest share. On average, every 5th drug user is a woman.

The use of the tampons made of hydrophilic materials while maintaining the function of nasal breathing allows avoiding the complications in the postoperative period, however, their use is complicated by the lack of domestic and high cost of the foreign analogues.

The aim of the work is to develop pneumatic nasal tampons made of hydrophilic materials while maintaining the function of nasal breathing.

Materials and research methods. Endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity was performed оn 100 volunteers (mean age 38.4±1.5 years, of which 58 were men (58%) and 42 women (42%)) with the determination of the parameters of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, the sizes and design features of the nasal tampons are proposed. Substantiated material for the manufacture of nasal tampons. The absorption capacity of the nasal tampons was studied.

Results. The selected material for the manufacture of nasal tampons – cellulose. Based on the determination of the parameters of the nasal cavity, the optimal sizes of nasal tampons are proposed: TH2 (14×64×7 mm); TH3 (19×84×7 mm). The design features of the tampons have been determined. Тhe indications have been developed for the usе of certain types of the tampons. It has been proven that the nasal tampons have a high absorption capacity (1721.0±14.8%), which will ensure high-quality and effective hemostasis.

Conclusion. An import-substituting technology for the manufacture of the nasal tampons with preservation of the function of nasal breathing has been developed, what allows to ensure high-quality and effective hemostasis.

This article is devoted to the problem of adhesions of the abdominal cavity, as one of the most important and poorly studied problems of abdominal surgery. As a result of a series of experiments on 85 laboratory animals, an analysis of the effectiveness and representativeness of various models of the adhesions of the abdominal cavity was carried out. It was revealed that the isolated modeling effect has a small effect on the occurrence of the adhesive process and, as a consequence, adhesive disease. In terms of the number of adhesions formed, the prevalence of the adhesive process, the method of modeling with talc followed by adhesiolysis is the most equivalent to human adhesive disease.

In the article chronic lung failure method of diagnostics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients based on computer pulse oximetry during stress testing (6-walking test and bicycle ergometer test) is given. The sensitivity and the specificity of method of diagnostics with ROC-analisis is assessed. As it`s identified, bicycle ergometer test use allows to increase the informativeness of lung failure degree diagnostics due to identification of COPD persons without lung failure. Different degrees of lung failure are identified in 70% COPD patients using developed method of lung failure degree diagnostics. Sever degree of lung failure is revealed in 56% COPD patients. Lung failure degree that can decrease domestic stress testing tolerance and can get worse the quality of life is revealed in 56% COPD patients. The moderate straight relationship between lung failure degrees and severity lung failure classes and COPD exacerbation risk groups is detected.

The article is devoted to analysis of peculiarities of infusion therapy in emergency conditions in narcology. The author justifies the relevance and significance of the topic of study. Features, objectives and general characteristics of infusion-detoxification therapy are considered. A review of domestic and foreign studies of the clinical aspect is carried out, as a result of which the main trends in the use of infusion therapy in acute conditions in narcology are formulated. In particular, it is stated that recently there has been a tendency to optimize methodological practice in urgent conditions in narcology, however, combined infusion therapy is an imperative, especially at the stage of detoxification. The author describes the key principles of infusion therapy, relevant regardless of the modernization and differentiation of surfactants, clarifies the conditions for achieving the greatest effectiveness of its use.

In the modern world, diabetes mellitus is a common disease with multiple consequences, the main complications are vascular lesions (macroangiopathy) and nerves, which are the cause of many complications, such as chronic renal failure and blindness and amputations in patients of working age, which leads to early disability and premature mortality. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus, most of the costs are for the treatment of complications, and the most cost-effective treatment is still treatment for ulcers of the feet.
The article defines the essence and classification of diabetic foot syndrome, highlights the stages of diagnosis, as well as the main approaches to its treatment, describes the basics of prevention.

In recent years, both the actual number of overweight and obese people and their share in the population have been steadily increasing worldwide. Obese patients can no longer be considered as a small group, and they deserve special attention in relation to their surgical treatment. The results of this treatment are often difficult to combine due to differences between surgical interventions, surgical approaches, organ-specific complications, surgical techniques, and classifications of complications. This review aims to provide results on the impact of obesity on the frequency and types of complications after emergency abdominal surgery based on recent publications.

It is known that phytotherapy is a method of treating various human diseases, based on the use of medicinal plants and complex preparations from them. 
Medicinal plants can be used in fresh, dried form, as well as by isolating active substances from them with the help of simple processing, which preserves the structure of the natural complex. components (infusion, extract, etc.).