Kienbock’s disease is a condition characterized by aseptic osteonecrosis of the lunate bone of the hand. It is a degenerative condition in which the lunate bone gradually deteriorates due to impaired blood supply, leading to pain, limited movement, and impaired hand function. The most common scale used in medical circles to assess this pathology is the Lichtman classification, which distinguishes four stages of the disease. There are many options for surgical treatment of aseptic necrosis of the lunate bone, and they still attract the interest of practicing surgeons, as there is no consensus on the choice of surgical treatment for a particular stage of the disease. 
Between 2021 and 2024, eight patients aged 31 to 64 underwent resection of the proximal row of wrist bones (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral) due to Kienbock’s disease IIIB-IV stage according to the Lichtman classification. The authors studied and analyzed the separate results of treatment of these patients within 9 months to 3 years after surgery.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, the prognosis remains variable and is influenced by numerous factors, including tumor stage, histological subtype, degree of differentiation, and individual patient characteristics. In clinical practice, cases are frequently observed that contradict the conventional assumption of favorable outcomes in early-stage disease, highlighting the need for more nuanced analysis.
A retrospective study was conducted involving 387 patients with histologically confirmed CRC. Paradoxical patterns were identified: the highest proportion of favorable outcomes was observed in stage III (70.0 %) compared to stage I (29.3 %) (OR = 2.39; 95 % CI: 1.15–4.98). A similar trend was noted for T3 tumors (68.8 % favorable outcomes) and the presence of distant metastases (M1) (62.9 %).

A comprehensive examination of 100 patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was conducted to assess the structure of proatherogenic disorders. It was found that 92 % of patients had grade 2–3 hypertension, 85 % had obesity (BMI 35.1 ± 6.3 kg/m²). Dyslipidemia was detected in 95 % of patients: LDL-C 3.2 mmol/l, TG 2.5 mmol/l, HDL-C 1.2 mmol/l. The average HbA1c level was 8.5 %. When assessing liver fibrosis, F3–F4 stages were identified in 21.2 % of patients. Signs of subclinical atherosclerosis were found in 85 % of patients. Only 18 % of patients received statin therapy. The obtained data indicate the need for a multidisciplinary approach and aggressive correction of risk factors in patients with MAFLD.

The aim of the work: to identify the essential signs of the reaction of the sympathetic adrenal system (SAS) to emotional arousal in comorbid patients with arterial hypertension (AH). Objectives: 1) to find signs of increased SAS activity during emotional arousal; 2) to assess the clinical significance of increased SAS activity; 3) to assess the practical significance of identifying signs of increased SAS activity.
The study involved 105 patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic heart failure (CHF), cardiosclerosis, as well as patients with autonomic dysfunction syndrome (ADS) and hypertensive response of arterial pressure (AP). The subjects underwent a series of four stimuli of emotional arousal in a clinical roleplaying game with the registration of hemodynamic parameters. The ACS reaction was assessed by the degree of deviation of parameters in the state of arousal and rest. Then, the degree of expression and frequency of occurrence of clinical, social, anthropometric signs were calculated depending on the type of ACS reaction.
Conclusions: 1) Signs of increased ACS activity in response to emotional arousal were found: an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 18 mm Hg, mean hemodynamic pressure (MHP) ≥ 10 mm Hg, pulse pressure (PP) ≥ 7 mm Hg. and an increase in the double product (DP) by 1.135 times. The change in the DP indicator most fully reflects the reactivity of the SAS; 2) An increased reaction of the SAS occurs in the presence of cardiovascular risk (CVR), and is characterized by a higher incidence of cardiosclerosis, CHF, ischemic heart disease, and more frequent prescription of antihypertensive drugs; 3) Signs of an increased reaction of the SAS to emotional arousal were more often detected in women over 55 years old. With an average to very high CVR, an increase in SBP above the threshold was observed in 33.3 %, DP – in 45.2 %, SBP – 39.8 %, DP – 77.4 % of cases.

Objective. To compare the clinical outcomes of anatomical and non-anatomical (modified Chrisman-Snook with peroneus brevis muscle splitting) methods of anterolateral ligament complex reconstruction for chronic ankle instability (CAI) to determine preferred treatment strategy depending on the time from initial injury.

Materials and methods. The study included 44 patients who underwent inpatient surgical treatment at the 2nd Traumatology Department of the State Institution «432 Main Military Clinical Medical Center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus» from January 2020 to June 2025. The study sample consisted of 32 men and 12 women, aged from 18 to 64 years. Twenty-nine patients underwent anatomical reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament complex of the ankle (Broström/ Broström-Gould), while the remaining 15 patients underwent non-anatomical reconstruction using a modified Chrisman-Snook technique with splitting of the m. peroneus brevis tendon. All patients underwent preoperative clinical testing (anterior drawer test, talar tilt test), stress radiography, ankle MRI, and a standardized questionnaire (Appendix 1). All surgeries were performed under spinal anesthesia and tourniquet applied just below a knee. The average hospital stay was 6 days. Early postoperative immobilization consisted of wearing a posterior plaster cast on the lower leg for 3 weeks, which was then replaced with an elastic orthosis for the next 3 weeks with gradual reinstatement of range of motion. During outpatient treatment, patients took nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), venotonics, and chondroprotectors. Eight to nine weeks after surgery, intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections were administered in a course of three injections each 7–10 days. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the AOFAS scale.

Results. AOFAS score results: 65 ± 8 points before surgery, 90 ± 5 points after surgery (after 12 months). The proportion of the patient’s full-fledged return to work and sports activities is 92.6 % and 86.7 ± 8.8 %, respectively. At 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, most patients showed a restoration of stability and an improvement in their subjective assessment. Anatomical techniques (Broström / Broström-Gould) gave the best results with fresh injuries, non-anatomical (modified Chrisman-Snook) – with old ones. The follow-up protocol, questionnaire, and rehabilitation algorithm contributed to good clinical outcomes.

Conclusion. For injuries < 12 months old, anatomical reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament complex of the ankle (Broström/Broström-Gould) is advisable as a method, preserving proprioception and joint biomechanics. For long-standing injuries (>12 months), non-anatomical reconstructions (modified Chrisman-Snook) are justified. Both approaches, with adequate diagnostics, rational determination of surgical indications, precise adherence to the, and according rehabilitation protocol, provide good clinical outcomes.

The article presents the results of observation of a group of male military personnel serving in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus, aged 18 to 30 years (n = 48), who were being treated at the State Institution «432 Order of the Red Star Main Military Clinical Medical Center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus», with a diagnosis of pneumonia (J18.9). The condition of the hair follicle was assessed by light microscopy with fixation on an electronic medium on the day of admission to the hospital and on the day of discharge; The influence of smoking status, body mass index, and the presence of androgenetic alopecia on the condition of the hair follicle and its growth phases was also evaluated. Analyzing the results of the study: the accelerated transition of hair from the anagen phase to the telogen phase differed depending on the degree of androgenic alopecia: with the first degree of AHA, an increase in hair in the telogen phase was 5.0 times greater upon discharge compared with admission, with the second – 4.2 times, with the third – 1.6 times (P < 0.001). There is twice as much hair in the telogen phase in smokers as in non-smokers (5.0 ± 2.2 % and 2.2 ± 1.4 %) upon admission to treatment, P < 0.005. In those hospitalized with fever, upon discharge, there is a statistically significant accelerated hair transition from the anagen phase to the telogen phase (on average 11.3 ± 5.7 %), compared with admission (on average 4.0 ± 2.4 %), P < 0.001. The problem of telogen alopecia remains relevant, the mechanisms of the disease development have not been fully studied, No pathogenetically sound treatment has been developed for this pathology. The urgency of the smoking problem remains a serious medical and social problem and can lead to an accelerated hair transition from the anagen phase to the telogen phase, and requires the development of more effective methods to combat smoking.

The study was conducted at the Rechitsa Central District Hospital in 2014–2016. Purpose of the study: to study the influence of constitutional factors (gender and body weight) on the strength of evoked emotional reactions in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) in order to determine the most common signs of susceptibility to psychological risk factors. Objectives: 1. To assess the dependence of the strength of evoked emotional reactions and the clinical picture of hypertension on gender. 2. To assess the dependence of the strength of evoked emotional reactions and the clinical picture of hypertension on weight. 3. To compare the mechanisms of influence of emotions on clinical picture of hypertension. 4. To find psychological mechanisms of adaptation to the action of psychological factors.
Conclusions
1. Women are characterized by higher general emotionality and emotional reactions of the «Joy» modality. The greatest differences in emotionality are observed at the age of 48–66 years (menopause): stronger reactions of the «Fear» and «Joy» modalities. Clinical picture of hypertension is characterized by a labile-crisis course without significant differences in the frequency of complications.
2. Overweight patients (body mass index – BMI ≥ 30.0) are characterized by stronger emotional reactions of the «Joy» modality. The hypertension is characterized by a higher degree of blood pressure, risk, incidence of heart failure and diabetes mellitus.
3. Women are characterized by high activity of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) in response to emotional arousal. This activity is manifested in a higher frequency of increase in SBP ≥ 18 mm Hg during emotional arousal. Such a reaction was not detected in obese patients.
4. Women are characterized by tension in psychological defense mechanisms (PDM) «Reactive formation». In women in the age group of 48–66 years, the PDM «Repression» is more tense. The PDM-profile of obese patients was distinguished by low tension of the PDM «Projection» and «Substitution» and high tension of the PDM «Denial».

The study was conducted at the Rechitsa Central District Hospital from 2014 to 2016. Objective: to present the experience of applying a method for assessing the sensitivity of the cardiovascular system to intense single psychoemotional influences in order to facilitate its implementation in the clinical practice of cardiologists, therapists, and general practitioners. Objectives: 1) To examine the mechanisms of influence of mental factors on the strength of emotional reactions; 2) To determine clinically significant thresholds for deviations in hemodynamic parameters under the influence of emotional arousal; 3) To evaluate the distribution of impaired mechanisms of blood pressure regulation; 4) To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the test with clinical role-playing and an information test; 5) To describe the complications identified during the test.
Conclusions: 1) we established the mechanisms of influence of psychological factors on the strength of emotional reactions, which were described in linear regression models: OER = 3.42+0.22 A+0.20 D-0.18 E+0.21 F, NF = 0.21+0.27 STAI, NF = 0.58+0.11 NPA, NF = 0.631+0.006 VEI 2, C = 10.1-0.06 OEI, OER = 8.0-0.2 SP, OER = 4.6+0.6 AHR; 2) we determined the threshold values of the indicators: SBP ≥ 18 mm Hg, DP ≥ 1.135, SBP ≥ 10 mm Hg, PP ≥ 7 mm Hg. Art., VIC ≥ 19.0 units, DBP ≥ 4 mmHg, HR < 11 bpm; 3) three types of emotiogenic hypertensive reactions were found in patients with hypertension: 55 % were characterized by lower frequencies of reactions associated with the activation of the SAS and RAAS, 30 % were characterized by predominantly RAAS activation, and 15 % were characterized by simultaneous activation of the SAS and RAAS; 4) The sensitivity of the clinical role-playing test (23.9 %) was at least twice as high as the sensitivity of the information test (11.9 %) in relation to arterial hypertension; 5) two types of complications were found during the test: emotiogenic hypertensive reaction >180/110 mmHg in 15.2 %, strong evoked negative emotions of 9–10 points in 10.5 %.

Varicose veins of the lower extremities in their various manifestations affect up to 80 % of the general population, and clinical treatment practice is heterogeneous worldwide. There is no single set of definitive recommendations, which makes clinical practice extremely heterogeneous.
Study objectives. To evaluate intraoperative compression therapy with a peloton within 24 hours after phlebectomy.
Materials and methods. 55 patients with varicose disease classified as C1–C3, in 1 of 2 groups: intervention group (33 limbs) – with intraoperative compression then elastic bandaging after phlebectomy and control group (23 limbs) – elastic bandaging after phlebectomy. We compared hematoma formation in the preoperative and postoperative limb.
Results. The use of intraoperative compression improved the condition of postoperative hematomas (the average visual value of a hematoma with compression was 1.68, without compression – 2.53 (Student’s t-test = 3.70, the differences are statistically significant (p = 0.000516), the number of degrees of freedom f = 53, the critical value of Student’s t-test = 2.007, at a significance level of α = 0.05), and significantly increased.

This article presents the results of an analysis of 90 medical records of inpatients treated in the rheumatology department of the Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology, and Hematology. The selection criteria were the presence of rheumatoid arthritis and anemia of chronic disease. Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis was found to be observed in 51.1 % of cases and is characterized primarily by mild severity (in 84.8 % of patients). It is characterized by elevated or normal serum ferritin levels. A direct correlation was found between the activity of rheumatoid arthritis and the severity of anemia of chronic disease. Patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis have more severe anemia. No relationship was found between the manifestations of anemia of chronic disease and the radiographic stage of rheumatoid arthritis.

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) from a deceased donor is an effective treatment for the management of terminal stages of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Among these individuals are those who have not previously encountered hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers (HBsAg, anti-HBcor IgG) prior to OLT. It is possible for them to develop hepatitis due to the aforementioned virus following OLT. This particular manifestation of the disease is regarded as de novo.
The objective: to examine clinical and laboratory parameters and evaluate the efficacy of antiviral therapy (tenofovir) in patients with HBV-related hepatitis that developed after de novo OLT.
Materials and Methods. A total of 108 patients. The subjects were stratified into two groups. The initial group comprised 16 patients in whom HBV infection occurred de novo subsequent to OLT registration. The second group (n = 68) comprised subjects who were observed for HBV infection without OLT. The median age of subjects in the first group was 49.5 years (Q25-75: 42-56).
Results. Anamnestic analysis showed that primary biliary cholangitis was the main cause of liver lesions (7/18/38,89 %), which led to OLP. There was no typical clinical picture of acute jaundice from hepatitis. The subjects had lower platelet and bilirubin levels than patients with the acute form of hepatitis (p < 0.031). Their levels of ALT, AST and GGTP were also lower (p < 0.001) and did not differ from those in chronic hepatitis. Administration of etiotropic therapy (Tenofovir) in the subjects resulted in undetectable viral load in 100 % of cases, HBsAg seroconversion was achieved in five subjects (5/18/27.78 %).
Conclusion. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of de novo HBV infection subsequent to OLT are analogous to those of chronic HBV infection in the absence of OLT. Etiotropic therapy (Tenofovir) in these patients effectively suppresses HBV replication. Etiotropic therapy (Tenofovir) in these patients effectively suppresses HBV replication.

Acute pancreatitis is one of the most pressing problems in emergency surgery. The aim of the study was the development and clinical testing of a new method of combined endolymphatic administration of drugs (antibiotic + immunomodulator of multipoint interaction) with subsequent percutaneous cavitation in patients with acute destructive pancreatitis (ADP). The method was applied in the complex treatment of 21 patients with ADP (group I). The comparison group (group II) included 19 non-operated patients with Acute Pancreatitis (AP), of which 7 had parapancreatitis, 12 had ADP (sterile pancreatonecrosis). As a result of the treatment, patients of group I showed an increase in the level of Immunoreactive insulin IRI by 1.31 times, and in group II there was a further decrease in the level of IRI by 1.14 times, due to a change in the ratio of the absolute number of the main subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and, first of all, T-suppressors , which together may indicate the progression of destructive and inflammatory changes in the tissue of the pancreas or parapancreatic tissue, as well as a decrease in the antibioticinducing effect of treatment. The proposed method in patients with ADP allowed for 14 days of treatment to reduce the rate of severity scales APACHE II and SAPS 3.39 and 1.9 times.

Due to tuberculosis, military personnel are included in the occupational risk group. The compact barracks, shared sanitary and hygiene conditions, potential exposure in endemic areas, and the stressful activities during field exercises and military operations all increase the risk of tuberculosis occurrence and spread among personnel. Additionally, wars are one of the factors that promote the spread of infectious diseases [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].

Morphometric methods are increasingly being used to evaluate clinical, pathological and experimental data. A systemic morphometric analysis of the main pathological processes and the most common diseases has been developed. However, these data regarding dental pathology are missing. 
The aim of the study. A morphometric investigation of the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation on odontogenesis in rats.
Objects and methods of the study. The experiments were carried out on albino rats of mongrel gregarious breeding. The irradiation of the rats and their offspring was carried out at the Institute of Radiobiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus on the Gammarid-192/120 installation with an exposure dose rate of 110 mR/h since the 1st day of pregnancy before sampling on the 16th, 18th and the 20th day. The irradiation of the offspring was continued on the 1st and 3rd days after birth. The absorbed dose in all groups did not exceed 0,5 Gy. Histological, histochemical and morphometric methods of investigations were applied.
Results of the study and their discussion. Low doses of ionizing radiation at the early stages of odontogenesis (the 16th and 18th days of antenatal life) caused the greatest decrease in almost all morphometric indexes of tooth germs in experimental animals. Morphometric indexes in the control animals significantly exceeded those in the experimental animals. By the 20th day, almost a complete repair of these changes had occurred. However, in 3-dayold rats some differences were still present, for example in the odontoblast layer thickness in the control animals.
Conclusion. Low doses of ionizing radiation during all periods of odontogenesis affected the structure and development of tooth germs, although they did not disrupt the genetically programmed course of odontogenesis. In our opinion, it can be considered as one of the manifestations of the non-threshold effect of ionizing radiation.

The article discusses the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria in platelet activation and vascular reactions. LPS interacts with the TLR4 receptor on platelets, enhancing their aggregation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes the release of factors involved in inflammation and coagulation. The mechanism of action involves phosphorylation of key signaling proteins (Akt, ERK1/2, PLA2) through the TLR4-PI3K-Akt-ERK1/2 pathway, dependent on ROS and thromboxane A₂. The effect of LPS is also manifested in a decrease in vascular relaxation and an increase in vascular permeability, and reactions to its concentration range from increased ROS production to increased levels of inflammatory mediators. ROS play an important role in signaling by activating the MAPK and NF-kB cascades, which promotes the expression of enzymes and cytokines that regulate inflammation and vascular function. ROS plays an important role as an intermediary in the mechanisms of inflammation and platelet activation under the action of LPS, as well as their effect on prostanoid synthesis and vascular reactions.
Most NSAIDs are active against PGHS-1 In LPS-stimulated whole blood, S-ibuprofen markedly reduces TXB(2) levels in the concentration range of 10 to 200 μg/ml and platelet aggregation in non-inflammatory and inflammatory fever.

Introduction. The number of patients worldwide suffering from obliterating atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus increases annually. Both of the above-mentioned diseases are multifactorial. The most thoroughly studied mechanisms of their development are endothelial dysfunction, hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as their relationship with bone metabolism.

Objective. To study endothelin-1, homocysteine, and osteoprotegerin levels in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremity arteries combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the impact of their dynamics in the postoperative period on the outcomes of revascularization operations.

Materials and methods. Osteoprotegerin, endothelin-1 and homocysteine were determined in 129 patients with chronic lower limb ischemia due to a combination of obliterating atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (group 1). The comparison group consisted of conditionally healthy patients (n = 51). In group 1, 78 patients were observed for 24 months after revascularization surgery. Depending on the outcome of the surgery, patients in this group were divided into subgroup 1A (patients who required repeated surgery or amputation on the operated lower limb, n = 31; 39.74 %) and 1B (without such need, n = 47; 60.26 %).

Results. The concentrations of osteoprotegerin, endothelin-1 and homocysteine were higher in group 1. Analyzing the data in Table 2, it should be noted that the initial concentrations of OPG, ET-1 and HC were higher in subgroup 1B. In the postoperative period, in patients of subgroup 1A, the concentration of OPG gradually decreased after 14 days and 3 months, while in patients of subgroup 1B it increased at the above-mentioned times (p < 0.05 both after 14 days and after 3 months). The ET-1 values in subgroup 1A gradually decreased at the above- mentioned intervals, while in subgroup 1B, after a significant decrease (by 15.67 %) in the first 14 days, this indicator increased and exceeded the preoperative values after 3 months (p < 0.05 for all measurements). In the postoperative period, in subgroup 1A, an insignificant increase in the concentration of HC is observed in the first 14 days. However, over the next 3 months, its concentration decreases, while in subgroup 1B an inverse relationship is observed. The greatest impact on the outcome of revascularization is provided by the dynamics of the HC index in the first two weeks and 3 months after surgery (p < 0.05 for the difference of 1 and 2).

Conclusion. The outcome of revascularization surgery for chronic lower limb ischemia in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus is influenced not only by the initial values of the concentration of osteoprotegerin, endothelin-1 and homocysteine, but also by their dynamics in the early and late postoperative periods. The developed equation for assessing the probability of an unfavorable outcome of revascularization in chronic lower limb ischemia in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus will allow predicting it with a sensitivity of 88.89 %, a specificity of 85 % and an accuracy of 86.21 %.

Due to the rising incidence of diabetes, the treatment of its complications, particularly diabetic foot syndrome, is a pressing medical and social issue. This is reflected in the high rate of disability among patients, especially those of working age. The lack of a unified approach to the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of complications hinders the provision of timely and qualified care to these patients.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of different sleep durations on the mental performance of military personnel. To implement it, using content analysis and descriptive-evaluative methods, materials from do-mestic and foreign scientific literature containing evidence and experimental base on the issue under study were studied and summarized. As a result of the studies, it was established that in order to maintain the optimal level of mental performance of military personnel, an 8-hour sleep duration is necessary. Its reduction leads to a proportional decrease in the efficiency of completing assigned tasks.

The article presents the results of a study of its own experimental data characterizing the dependence of the characteristics of input gunshot damage when fired from a smoothbore weapon and the subsequent ricochet on the angle of encounter with an obstacle. The purpose of the study was to experimentally establish the significance of such a diagnostic feature as the number of input gunshot injuries that occurred as a result of a ricochet when firing a smoothbore weapon to determine the fact of a ricochet. Ballistic experiments were carried out with the production of shots from a 12-caliber IZh-27 M hunting rifle with Profi Hunter buckshot (8.5 mm, 32 gr, 12/70) and a Gold bullet (32 gr, 12/70) at different angles of encounter with 4 types of obstacles and subsequent defeat ricocheting shells of biological and non-biological targets.
A study of the results of the experiment using applied statistical analysis methods made it possible to establish a direct dependence of the number of entrance gunshot injuries on the angle of encounter of shells with an obstacle, which can contribute to obtaining objective and scientifically based data on the conditions for the formation of a gunshot injury.

The article describes a clinical case of diagnosis of Zinner’s syndrome. This is a rare congenital anomaly of the genitourinary system in men, characterized by renal agenesis, ipsilateral obstruction of the vas deferens and a cyst of the seminal vesicle. The frequency of occurrence is less than 0,005 %. The case of patient R., 49 years old, who has been observed since adolescence for a single right kidney, a ureterocele on the right. After an examination using ultrasound and radiation examination methods, fibrocystoscopy revealed Zinner’s syndrome. The authors present their own diagnostic results of this disease.

The main causes of death in patients with polytrauma remain traumatic brain injury (TBI) and uncontrolled bleeding with trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) [1].Moreover, patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS ≤8) require targeted infusion therapy (TIT), since, according to the results of the studies, a positive fluid balance was associated with worse survival and worse treatment outcomes in this category of patients [2]. Traditionally, the concept of CIT is implemented using invasive techniques (e.g. PiCCO), however, recently there has been a growing interest in non-invasive monitoring tools, one of which is bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). BIA allows us to assess the patient‘s volume status, the distribution of fluid between the body‘s sectors, identify hypo- and hypervolemia, and thus indirectly assess changes in the water content in tissues, including the brain.In the context of CIT, BIA parameters can be used to make decisions about the volume, quality and rate of infusion therapy in critically ill patients in the neurointensive care unit [3].

The utility model relates to medical devices, namely to devices used in physiology, and can be used in studying the severity of smooth muscle hypotension.
The essence of the utility model is a device for determining the degree of muscle hypotension, containing a cylindrical body with a spring located in it, a spring-loaded shaft installed in the body with the ability to move along it, a handle mounted on one end of the body with the ability to move and adjust the amount of compression of the spring, a guide fixed on the other end of the body, a hook-shaped stopper and a ruler that allows for quantitative recording of the degree of muscle hypotonia in mm.