In the article historical data about establishment of Russian school of medical sorting, questions of etymology of triage, the history of origin and development of triage algorithms system for wartime and disasters are described.

The hemostatic tourniquets are a mandatory component of the individual medical equipment of the soldiers of various armies of the world. Their main purpose is to stop heavy bleeding in a dangerous tactical zone (under enemy fire) and in the shelter area, after which the tourniquets are replaced with more gentle methods of hemostasis. The design of the tourniquet TKB-1 allows you to use this device including for other first aid techniques, which allows you to increase the speed and efficiency of first aid on the battlefield without expanding the list of individual equipment of soldiers.

Avulsion fractures of the volar fragment of the base distal phalanges fingers of the Hand are rare and poorly studied fingers pathology. In the English medicine literatures this pathology are known as «jersey finger» because more often occurs in athletes playing American football. The optimal method of treatment of this pathology is surgical, to achieve the most correct comparison of fragments or its resection when small size and reinsertion of the tendon flexor profundus. We observed seven patients with this pathology at the age from 31 to 64 years. The men were 5, women – 2. All patients underwent surgical procedures were carried out, which made it possible to achieve optimal reconstruction function of the Hand.

In infections after fracture fixation, treatment goal is to achieve bone consolidation and avoid chronic osteomyelitis. Successful result requires adequate surgical procedures combined with 6 to 12 weeks of antibiotic therapy acting on microorganisms. In chronic osteomyelitis, orthopedic and plastic reconstructive surgical procedures should be combined in same procedure or within a short time span. In this article treatment of infections associated with intramedullary nails plates, and screws are described.

Background. Traumatic instability of a shoulder joint accounts up to 1,7 % of all injuries herewith 50 % of recurrence of dislocation fall for young people and the results of treatment do not always correspond to neither doctors’ nor patients’ expectations.

Objective. To assess the types of damages of a rotator- biсipital complex detected at patients with chronic post-traumatic instability of a shoulder joint.

Based on the study of preoperative diagnostic data and the results of arthroscopic examination, to describe the damage of the rotator-biсipital complex (rotator cuff of the shoulder, tendon of the long biceps head, pulley) at patients with chronic post-traumatic instability.

Method. We analyzed the results of a survey of 290 patients who applied for admission at the period from 2006 till 2017. The study was agreed with the ethics commissions on the basis of medical institutions and it was absolutely open-minded. Following the goal set, the authors identified 3 clinical variants of post-traumatic instability, depending on the prevailing direction of the dislocation. The authors studied their morphogenesis of lesions in different variants of posttraumatic instability of the shoulder.

Results. While diagnosing the damages of soft-bone structures of a shoulder joint there were detected the changes in all the cases.

Conclusions. Mechanogenesis, underlying the occurrence of the damage, allows us to identify 3 main clinical types of posttraumatic instability of a shoulder joint with characteristic for them anatomomorphological manifestations.

The original results of the assessment of the effectiveness of thrombolysis by actilyse while an ischemic cerebral infarction at Minsk City Clinical Hospital № 9 are resulted in the article. Also a new medical-diagnostic algorithm of rendering assistance to patients with ischemic cerebral infarction is presented for the first time.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading cause of low vision and blindness in the elderly population in the world. The disease affects the central area of the retina - the macular area, resulting in a progressive reduction of visual acuity and loss of ability to reading, which significantly decreases the of patients’s quality of life. Modern methods of treatment allow only to stabilize the disease, so the early diagnostic and prevention of advanced stage are very important.
The pathogenesis of AMD, mechanism of progression, diagnostics and treatment are discussed in the article. The drugs for treatment AMD that were registered in Republic of Belarus are reviewed, the regimen of treatment is presented.

A new step in improving diagnostics and consequently in the treatment of patients with spinal cord diseases was the use of a noninvasive method of investigation – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in neurosurgical practice.

The purpose of the study was to assess the dynamics of diagnosis from the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. An analysis of 60 patients with tumor lesions of the spinal nerves with paravertebral spread of the cervical spine was carried out.

Conducting violations, in a larger number, were present in groups 2 and 3 for 20 and 7 cases, respectively. In 5 cases, conduction disorders were present in group 1. In general, the debut of the disease began with segmental disorders. But there were cases, namely 6 clinical observations, when the patient complained of weakness in the lower extremities, and then segmental disorders were added.

Indications for surgical treatment were the presence of OSMNPR. In 100% of cases, the tumor was removed completely.

Starting from the data of the anamnesis, the debut of the disease in patients with OSMNPR started with segmental disorders, which was complicated by a differential diagnosis with a number of other diseases such as osteochondrosis of the cervical spine and in turn made it difficult to diagnose such patients early.

The aim of the study was detected of prognostic factors of cellular parathyroid allograft survival. The relationship between duration of allograft functioning and age of donors and recipients, duration of hypoparathyroidism, amount of transplanted parathyroid cells, serum parathyroid hormone levels before transplantation were studied. Hyperplastic parathyroid tissue, obtained from donors with high parathyroid hormone levels (≥500 pg/ml), duration of hypoparathyroidism more than 5 years, parathyroid hormone serum level before transplantation less than 15 pg/ml, grafting not less than 8 million parathyroid cells contributed to the greatest (>6 months) duration of parathyroid allograft functioning.

Was perfomed complex examination of the results of ultradistal (plantaris) autovenous bypass of 16 patients with critical ischemia and diabetic foot syndrome. Preoperative diagnostics included evaluation of clinical status, ancle-brachial index, Doppler ultrasound, angiography, transcutaneous oximetry, CT-angiography. Additionally were carried out follow-up examinations to study remote and short-term results after 6 and 12 months. Performing ultradistal (plantaris) bypass in the treatment of critical ischemia of neuroischemic form of diabetic foot syndrome allowed to restore arterial blood supply of the distal lower limbs of the 13 patients, and reduce the number of high amputations under 3 (18,7%) during the one year of monitoring

The analysis of edemometrogramma and reactions of the microcirculatory environment on a variety of diseases and impacts was performed. Four types of microcirculatory environment reactions were revealed: stress, metabolic disorders, mild clinical manifestations, severe clinical course. When assessing the reactions of the microcirculation, the main attention was paid to the direct indicators of edemometry: maximum pressure drop (MPD), integral microvascular pressure (IMCP), index inflow-outflow (IIO), tissue pressure (TP). The peculiarities of these reactions and their diagnostics were given, which creates the ground the introduction of new edemometry data in clinical practice.

The article presents the materials of aerological studies in the regions of the Republic of Belarus. The role of pollen in the structure of pollinosis is shown.
Seasonal dusting patterns have been developed, most of the taxa encountered. On this basis, an Atlas of dusting waves of plant pollen and fungal spores is compiled. Approximately dangerous levels of influence of PES, pollen of plants and spores of fungi are grounded.
On the basis of the phenological method (the formation of anthers and the stages of opening the leaf), the peak of dusting was predicted, which allows the population suffering from hay fever to take timely preventive measures.

According to the results of a retrospective analysis of the medical documentation of 1699 patients, it was found that 19.0% of them received burns in a state of intoxication. The most vulnerable contingent are men aged 31–60 years, whose share (83,5%) was 5.1 times higher than the number of women (16.5%). The leading traumatic agent in 61,4% of cases was a flame, exceeding by 2,3 times the number of sober people affected by this factor (27.2%). Among those who received burns in a state of intoxication, there are 2,5 times more people with extensive wounds (33,9%) compared with other patients (13,5%), 1.9 times with deep wounds of grade IIIB (15,1% and 7,9% respectively) and 1,8 times – IV degree (29,6% and 15,9%), 5.6 times with thermoinhalation trauma (22,0% and 3,9%), which affected a greater number of hospitalizations directly to the intensive care and resuscitation chambers (58,3% and 12,6%). In patients injured in a drunken state, pneumonia (13,7% and 3,4%), septicemia (8,6% and 2,1%), bacteriuria (10,9% and 2,6%). The average duration of treatment in the department of commubustology by the value of the median was 13,6 days for persons with intoxication and less (11,7 days) for the remaining patients, incl. in the intensive care and reanimation rooms, respectively, 4,5 and 3,7 days.

Based on the analysis of literary sources, priority directions of improvement of the system of medical support of civil aviation passengers were suggested: development and implementation of the mechanism of preliminary consultation of passengers of civil aircrafts with chronic diseases, programs of medical support of passengers of civil aviation by attracting medical specialists for regular flights of airlines in the Republic of Belarus, as well as revision of the nomenclature of airborne medical kits, based on the specifics of emergency and urgent medical conditions, arising under the influence of adverse altitude and dynamic factors of the flight.

According to the results of 1957 studies, the minimum concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of the burn chamber was 541 cm3/m3, the maximum – 2351 cm3/m3, with an average monthly indicator of 950±7 cm3/m3. In some months of the year the air saturation with carbon dioxide varied: in July and August it remained the smallest (752±13 cm3/m3 and 758±9 cm3/m3, respectively), and from November to February – the highest (from 1059±24 cm3/m3 up to 1084±25 cm3/m3). The average content of carbon dioxide was increased during the heating season (October-April) in comparison with the warm season (May-September), amounting to 879±9 cm3/m3 and 786±8 cm3/m3, respectively. The gas concentration was different in the chambers with different air volume per patient: the lower it was, the higher the CO2 content was 1061±9 cm3/m3 with an air volume of 13,4 m3, 957±16 cm3/m3with a volume of 17,4 m3, 686±6 cm3/m3 and 686±7 cm3/m3 for volumes of 31,4 m3 and 51,8 m3, respectively.

In the development of most pre-pathological conditions, environmental factors make a significant contribution. The constant effect on the body of xenobiotics, can cause a malfunction in the enzymatic system of metabolism. The article presents materials, genotyping of the second phase of biotransformation of xenobiotics and assessment of the relative risk of development of diseases of the genital organs in workers in contact with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Genotypic markers of the pre-pathological condition in the workers have been determined.

The aim of the work was to evaluate the performance of psychological adaptation of cadets, as well as their relationship with the duration of studying in high school. For implemention it, students of 1–5 courses were tested by using psychometric and statistical methods. At the same time, methods of determining situational and personal anxiety, levels of depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, quality of life and personal adaptive potential were used. The result found that a high school education process promotes the formation of satisfactory adaptation levels for most of the studied parameters.

An adapted method of nested RT-PCR for the detection of the hepatitis E virus has been described. A comparative characteristic of the proposed method with existing import analogues has been made. The high specificity of the method allowing to determine the HEV RNA in samples of blood serum, tissues and extracts of feces of various mammals, including humans, is shown. The high sensitivity of the proposed method, which has a low threshold level of detectable concentration of HEV of 10 IU/ml, is established.

The use of a rubber hemostatic tourniquet allows you to quickly and effectively stop external bleeding in injuries to the limbs. However, prolonged presence of the tourniquet on the limbs in case of delayed evacuation can lead to severe tissue damage below the place of application of the tourniquet. The study found that the functional changes of the median nerve when applying the developed model of hemostatic tourniquet (TKB-1) are significantly less pronounced in comparison with the use of rubber hemostatic tourniquet. The established results confirm the low risk of complications with the forced prolonged imposition of the tourniquet.

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most insidious and menacing complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In the absence of effective methods of treatment of DN (especially clinical forms), based on the principles of evidencebased medicine, successful treatment is possible only at early (preclinical) stages of the disease development. That is why in the last decade the search for low-cost and easily accessible in the wide clinical practice and, at the same time, quite informative screening diagnostic techniques for the subclinical stage of DV has been activated [4].
Reduction of vibration sensitivity is considered one of the early objective signs of sensory neuropathy and occurs long before the manifestation of clinical symptoms. Traditionally, the vibration sensitivity is examined with a tuning fork (usually, 128 Hz). In most cases, to diagnose violations of the vibration sensitivity of a single tuning fork (128 Hz) is not enough. Determination of the vibration sensitivity violation in a wide frequency range (3.15–500 Hz) is possible using the computer pallestesiometry method, in particular using the ANVCH-01 vibration sensitivity analyzer). The research method is based on the up-down algorithm method: an algorithm of psychophysical measurements that allows to determine two sensitivity thresholds (for increasing and decreasing intensity) by presenting a sequence of short-term stimuli of varying intensity to the subject [3]. This method is a qualitative method for studying vibration sensitivity , as well as a highly informative method for diagnosing diabetic neuropathy already at the initial stages of the pathological process. Computerized pallestesiometry with the help of ANVCH-01 is proposed as a modern screening method for diagnosing the subclinical stage of diabetic polyneuropathy with the aim of early initiation of treatment, especially pathogenetically directed.

The aim of the study was detected the influence of parathyroid allotransplantation on main life quality parameters in 19 recipients with hypoparathyroidism. The relationship between life quality parameters and serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels was studied. Parathyroid allotransplantation improved life quality of patients with hypoparathyroidism during 12 months follow-up while general parameters of physical and mental health were highest through 9 and 6 month after procedure respectively. Serum calcium concentration didn’t influence on any parameters of life quality.

Microcirculation is a very complex and very important body system. It has several important and important functions. It is the final stage in the assimilation of the products of the environment and it assures the first stage in the isolation and excretion of metabolic products, it participates in providing blood circulation, in the reactions of the organism to various kinds of external influences and internal "disorders." The fulfillment of many vital functions imposes a special responsibility and significance on this system. To my great regret, this complex and very important system has not yet been studied in depth enough compared to other systems. No one will dispute the successful treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular and other body systems. Having emerged as an independent scientific and practical area in the middle of the 20th century, microcirculation has not made successful advances in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases and even in the definition of the concept itself. The research methods proposed and applied in recent years did not reveal the essence of this complex system and did not define recommendations for the recognition and treatment of diseases of this system.

The article presents an analysis of the stages of development and use of information and communication technologies in medicine in different countries of the world.

The article provides information related to the modern approaches to H. pylori eradication – the most common chronic infection in the world, which is the cause of serious diseases of the digestive system. Antibiotics are the framework for anti-Helicobacter therapy. Presented in international consensuses universal recommendations for their use rely on the principles of evidence-based medicine. The author outlines the regimes of H. pylori eradication approved in Belarus. Some factors can cause its ineffectiveness and determine the necessity of optimization of antiHelicobacter therapy. The explanatory work of a doctor, providing a patient a sufficient amount of information about the disease, contributes to compliance. In the era of antibiotic resistance, the previously widely used regime of standard triple therapy lost its relevance in many countries, mainly due to the development of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin. The author considers the most important aspects of sequential application of various protocols of antibiotic therapy. Other measures optimizing the anti-Helicobacter treatment include prolongation of treatment, taking into account the regional sensitivity of the microorganism to antibacterial drugs, double-dose of protonpump inhibitors, addition of bismuth salts to the standard triple regime of eradication and use of probiotics as an adjuvant therapy.

The imposition of a hemostatic tourniquet in a dangerous tactical zone (under enemy fire) with injuries to the limbs is considered as one of the key factors in preserving the lives of the wounded. The staff of the military medical faculty in the Belarusian state medical University together with the staff of JSC "Lenta" (Mogilev) developed a hemostatic tourniquet TKB-1 , the use of which provides effective hemostasis in injuries of limbs (including – in the order of self-help in the injury of one of the hands). The tourniquet TKB-1 meets the requirements for individual medical equipment of military personnel, due to the effective solution of a number of constructive tasks.

The article deals with the case of correction of antipsychotic therapy with unexplained anxiety in a patient with schizotypal disorder based on found mutations in GST-M1 and GST-T1 genes, which indicate that glutathione-S-transferase enzymes have been impaired, which is the cause of non-specific endogenous intoxication by active metabolites of antipsychotics and the development of drug induced akathisia, which may be manifested by subjective complaints of anxiety spectrum.

The clinical case of an atypical current of the multiple myeloma is presented which has become complicated with cardiac, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver and small intestine amyloidosis. The disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory and instrumental investigations are described, also diagnostics issues are analyzed.

The article presents an analysis of 45 case histories of conscripts with respiratory tuberculosis. According to complaints, 33.4% of patients were identified, 44.4% – during planned x-ray fluorography examination in military units, 22.2% – while on treatment for non-tuberculosis diseases. In the study of sputum, bacterial excretion was found in 42.2% of patients, including a method of bacterioscopy in 20%. The predominant clinical forms were infiltrative and focal pulmonary tuberculosis.

The history of the Anatomical museum in shown and the structure of the anatomical rooms is described in the article. The challenges facing the team of the Human Anatomy Department on the preservation of the museum specimens are demonstrarated.