The article reviews literary sources and the regulatory framework operating in Belarus that defines the quality management system of medical care in military healthcare organizations,gives a comparative analysis of the existing quality management system of medical care in military healthcare organizations, identifies some areas for improving this activity.

In the article, modern methods of the practical-based teaching of an educational discipline "First aid in emergency situations" at the University of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Republic of Belarus are considered. Work of the phantom and modular complex, which is a key element of the information and education environment of the university, is in detail presented.
The phantom and modular complex as means of natural modeling and imitation of various pathological conditions of the victim’s organism in emergency situations, updates the professional potential of students concerning first-aid treatment to victims, expands a range of methods and means of communicativeness, allows to increase creative activity of the identity of the student, to realize motives and the purposes of training during vocational training of the rescuer.

The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia is at a high level among military personnel, exceeding the similar figures by 4‒5 times among the civilian population of the republic. Clarification of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in military personnel is one of the most urgent tasks of military medicine. In our study, we evaluated the role of extracellular pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia, such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We examined 108 conscript soldiers (young men, aged 18 to 26 years) who received inpatient treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. The level of etiological diagnosis using bacteriological examination of sputum remains low ‒ no more than 25%. The bacteriological detection of pneumococcus (Str. Pneumoniae) was 97% of cases, what is occupies a certain value in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. The proportion of intracellular pathogens in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in conscript soldiers is up to 21%. Among those called up for compulsory military service, the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia is 10 times higher than among contract servicemen.

The order of application of means of individual medical equipment is defined as the nature of combat pathologists and conditions first aid – intense noise impact, poor visibility, low ambient temperature, equipment serviceman. Developed tourniquet TKB-1 provides sufficient for a temporary stop of external bleeding compression of the main vessels of the upper and lower extremities both in conditions of limited visibility and in conditions of low temperatures when wearing winter uniforms, and the effectiveness is not inferior to turnstiles accepted for supply in other armies of the world, and on a number of parameters and exceeds them.

The article presents the results of clinical, radiographic and ultrasound studies of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joints. Main clinical manifestations of pathology were compared with radiographic and ultrasound changes. It was revealed the correlation of high and medium intensity of clinical manifestations and changes according to radiation methods include several signs and none of the sign is decisive. The method of ultrasonic evaluation OMERACT with the proposed additions is a variant of the complex assessment of the knee joint in normal conditions and at different stages of osteoarthritis. At the same time, in the future, it would be rational to take into account more significant signs of the presence of the disease (high intensity correlation) with a higher score, and less significant signs (medium intensity correlation).

In food allergy (FA), dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract can lead to the formation and progression of malabsorption syndrome, which leads to large losses of protein and triggers the formation of an immunodeficiency state (IDS), a violation of digestion processes causes absorption of uncleaned macromolecules in the gastrointestinal tract with the properties of allergens (AG), which exacerbates the processes of sensitization. Under the influence of the main immunogenetic factors in the lamina propria of the small intestinal mucosa, B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells is disturbed. When the intestinal biocenosis is disturbed, persistence factors are induced, including increased virulence, hemolytic enzyme activity, hyaluronidase production, and the ability to destroy lysozyme. Bacterial colonization of the small intestine causes deconjugation of bile acids, which leads to their deficiency in the small intestine. In turn, deconjugated bile acids have a toxic effect on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, inhibits its absorption properties, which negatively affects protein metabolism and can provoke the appearance of immune deficiency.
A retrospective cohort study of immunological parameters of 58 patients with FA and 47 patients of the comparison group without increased sensitivity to food was conducted. Patients with FA showed a statistically significant decrease in Ig M, A, and G (p < 0,05), which indicates the development in them of a combination of damage in the form of a combined immunodeficiency state with secondary immune deficiency as panhypoimmunoglobulinemia. When analyzing the state of immunity in patients with FA in different age groups, there were no statistically significant differences between the immune system parameters.

The problem of alcohol dependence is one of the most significant threats to the health of the population in general and certain subpopulation categories in particular. A certain category of risk of the formation of addictive alcoholic behavior are adolescents. The article presents the results of the study, the purpose of which was to analyze social and family factors, parent-child relationships that increase the risk of alcohol dependence among adolescents and developed preventive measures on this problem. 305 adolescents were investigated using a structured interview, Belarusian Index of Addiction Severity, ICD-10, AUDIT. The significant influence of certain family and social factors on the formation of alcohol addiction in adolescents has been established. The main content of programs for the prevention of these problems and the main results of their use are presented using meaningful indicators to assess their effectiveness.

The article analyzes the results of studies of the dynamics of neuropsychological and videonystagmographic indicators in clinically effective drug therapy of 30 patients with paranoid schizophrenia. The size of the effect of neuropsychological and videonystagmographic indicators was compared with the size of the effect of clinical symptoms. Saccade latency and accuracy with constant and random signals, smoothness indicators of eye movements at a signal speed of ˃0.4 Hz and performance indicator (IST) of the Cambridge neuropsychological battery of tests objectively reflected the activity of the disease process and the effectiveness of drug therapy. The rates of saccade and smooth tracking tests at low signal speeds were not sensitive enough to assess the activity and therapeutic efficacy of schizophrenia. Dynamic indicators of neuropsychological tests (motor functions, MOT), visual information assessments (RVP), random access memory (SWM), and associative thinking (PAL), showed minimal variability not comparable with the dynamics of clinical symptoms.

The article discusses the clinical significance of neuropsychological and psycho-physiological indicators in schizophrenia. A neuropsychological study was conducted and the temporal parameters of saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements were studied using a video-instagmography method on a sample of 240 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 90 healthy individuals. A significant correlation of abulia – apathy and anhedonia – asociality with saccads latency with constant and random signals was revealed. Revealed a significant relationship of positive formal thinking disorders with the accuracy of saccades at a random stimulus signal. Revealed a significant relationship of positive formal thinking disorders with the smoothness of eye movements. Analyzing the importance of clinical and neuropsychological indicators, the authors come to the conclusion about their diffuse and uncertain nature, resulting from equipotential brain damage in schizophrenia. Indicators of fine motor skills of the eyes are more closely related to the symptoms of schizophrenia than neuropsychological indicators.

The authors presented the spatio-temporal model of schizophrenia in its transformations during the development of the disorder, which is based on symmetrization of individual space and time of patients with a change of symmetry types from mirror on translational, that causes fundamental reorganizations of made mention model. Mirror turns of individual spatio-temporal patients model to the left start the course of "inversion clock" with the back time movement, which form the "minus"-zone where the patients negativity consciousness and the platform on which a negative and, in most cases, – productive clinical symptoms are formed. The entry into force of translational symmetry turns on the mechanism of multiplication of the spatial-temporal model that appears in the clinic by stereotypies in motor and mental spheres of patients. Continuous replication of consciousness lead to progression of its aberrations. In terms of the movement of individual time back the specified model regresses with the subsequent annihilation of the individual space and time of patients, destruction of the spatio-temporal model, disappearance of their consciousness and disintegration of mental activity.

The article presents an overview of research on the problem of nutritional programming in childhood in the state of adult health on the example of analyzing the level of salt consumption in childhood and adolescence and the risk of the formation of non-communicable diseases of the population. Reflects the physiological and socio-hygienic factors affecting the nature of salt consumption by different segments of the population, and the current situation, which determines the level of its content in the diets of children and adolescents of the Republic of Belarus.. The experience of a number of countries in justifying public policy to minimize the risk of developing non-infectious diseases by reducing excessive salt intake is outlined.

The results of using different types of dusting calendars for assessing pollen content of plants and spores of fungi in the atmospheric air.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the main cause of disability and mortality in many countries in the world. Among the CVD, hypertension (AH) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are most common. The effectiveness of preventing CVD directly depends on how timely and accurately the risk factors (FR) are identified that contribute to the occurrence of heart and vascular diseases, this risk is assessed, and how early the prevention will be started. Modifiable (variable) factors of cardiovascular risk (CVR) include: hypertension, smoking, hypodynamia, obesity, stress. In order to study the incidence of CVR factors, a one-stage epidemiological study was conducted among 625 office workers using the example of one of the banking institutions of the Republic of Belarus. Analysis of the modified factors of CVR in the employees of the office enterprise showed their high prevalence: the level of SBP is more than 140/90 mm Hg. Art. revealed in 36.64% of individuals, of whom 78,57% of persons had an AH history; smoking was detected in 20.48%; obesity – in 19.84%; a low level of physical activity – in 61.44%.
In order to prevent CVD, it seems necessary to develop measures in organized labor collectives aimed at correcting these CVR factors, as well as to increase the responsibility of workers themselves for the appearance of those risk factors that are associated with their lifestyle.

The review presents the characteristics of orthostatic samples and, above all, the tilt test-samples with long – term passive orthostasis, used in the diagnosis of reflex (neurotransmitter) fainting. Their characteristics are based on The recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of fainting (Recommendations of the European society of cardiology ESC 2018, recommendations of the American heart Association 2017). Special attention is paid to the indications and contraindications for their conduct, as well as the evaluation of the results.

Central venous catheters are widely used in intensive care. According to a number of literature sources, when used in 15% of patients develop various complications, of which infectious up to 26%, mechanical – up to 25%. The article reviews the literature sources, reveals the issues of the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of bloodstream infections caused by the central venous catheter. In order to minimize the risk of developing infectious complications during their use for intensive care, it is recommended to: clearly determine the indications for setting and removing the catheter; prefer catheters impregnated with antibiotics and antiseptics with a minimum number of ports; prefer devices for seamless fixation and sterile transparent semi-permeable stickers; timely replacement of accessories for infusion; avoid frequent insufficiently justified fences through the catheter; strictly follow the rules of asepsis and antiseptics; when infectious complications are detected, prescribe antibacterial therapy in a timely manner and make a decision about changing or removing the catheter.

The article describes the modern representation of dyspepsia – concept and definitions, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, categories of dyspepsia, the structure of pathology in patients with dyspepsia, mechanisms and risk factors for functional dyspepsia, the main mechanisms and the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of dyspepsia symptoms, the concept of H. pylori-associated dyspepsia. The main provisions of the international conciliation documents (Rome Consensus 1999, 2006, 2016, Global Kyoto Conciliation Document, 2015) concerning dyspepsia are given.

Most often, the inflammation of omental processes occurs because of torsion. According to various statistics, in the disease of omental processes, torsion was found in 31.4% of patients, vascular thrombosis and heart attack – in 15.6%, gangrene – in 19.7%, acute inflammation and suppuration of fat suspensions – in 18.6%. According to some authors, the number of affected omental processes ranges from 1 to 12. The mortality rate for diseases of the gland processes reaches 1,6%. Among the reasons for the development of the disease noted by overweight, older age, the presence of stormy peristalsis, dolichosigma, developmental abnormalities of the colon, adhesions in the abdominal cavity, and as a consequence the violation of the passage through the intestine, a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure, endocrine disorders. As a rule, the pathology of fat grafts occurs mainly in the left half of the colon, and above all, in the sigmoid colon.
The rarity of this pathology and the absence of pathognomonic signs complicate the diagnosis. Often patients are hospitalized and operated with such diagnoses as acute appendicitis, bowel obstruction, peritonitis, etc. Based on the above, it is necessary to conduct a thorough differential diagnosis of the disease, which may not always be successful.

An article provided information about multiple myeloma in accordance with the recommendations of the International Group for the study of the disease. A general practitioner may suspect smoldering multiple myeloma in the presence of unexplained proteinuria, and increased ESR. Active multiple myeloma is characterized by damage to target organs: hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone damage. Further diagnostic actions suggest the confirmation or exclusion of osteolytic foci and detection of an increased number of cells in the bone marrow preparation with signs of clonality. Knowledge of primary care physicians about the diagnostic criteria, necessary studies for diagnosis, the natural course of the disease, possible complications and treatment strategies for multiple myeloma will improve diagnosis and ensure effective monitoring of the condition of patients receiving specific therapy.

The purpose of the case description is to turn attention of internist, gastroenterologist, district doctors to atypical clinic of ischemic heart disease. In the described case of patient K., aged 58 years, objective and instrumental data had been underestimated, which resulted in difficulty in diagnosis and treatment.

This paper deals with problematic areas related to pronouncement of disability in patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa; it also provides a review of a clinical case with assessment of disability in a patient with this ICD code and considers challenges of diagnosing and treating anorexia nervosa. The article contains the results of the comparative cross-sectional study conducted in 2013 within the research project. The study was voluntary and anonymous. The study group consisted of the teenage girls and young women (the mean age of the respondents was over 30). Among them were those, who had no mental or behavior disorders, those who had anorexia nevrosa, those, who suffered paranoid schizophrenia for less than 5 years. It was found out that eating disorders commonly need a dynamic monitoring.

We determined clinical features of chronic sinusitis in a total of 72 HIV-positive patients. According to our findings CD4 lymphocytes count in blood sample of HIV-positive persons influences the course and clinical features of chronic inflammation of paranasal sinuses. As CD4 lymphocytes count decreases, clinical features of chronic paranasal sinuses are less prominent. In immunocompromised persons with low CD4 lymphocytes count (less than 200 mkl–1) dominates proliferative phase of inflammation. In HIV-positive persons with CD4 count more than 500 mkl–1 dominates exudative phase of inflammation.

In the second half of the 19th century, the increase in the professional level of doctors in the Minsk province was directly connected with the activities of the Minsk Doctors' Society, which had been founded in 1867. The Society’s activities had a significant impact on the development of the whole medical service and on the birth and development of radiation diagnostics in Belarus, because it contributed to the continuous development of professionalism, the formation of the personality of doctors, prompted to the initiative and creative work for the benefit of the people of our country. The Society created and actively worked commissions to solve major health issues, including the organization of the first congress of doctors of the Minsk province and the establishment of a medical faculty in Minsk. At meetings and in the library of the Society, doctors could familiarize themselves with the achievements of medicine, incl. and the new method of x-ray. Traditions and principles of activity are preserved in the modern Belarusian Society of Radiologists.